UC-NRUF 


261   762 


-POX'S  ATHLETIC L\SR. 


ASE  BALL 


HOW  TO  PLAY 
THE  GAME 


JOHN  M'GRAW 


OFFICIAL 
RULES 


1913 


PRICE  I O  CENTS 


RICHARD  K.FOX 
PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

HEW  YORK  CITY 


RICHARD    K.    FOX 


SCIENTIF  1C 

BASEBALL 

By  JOHN  J.  McGRAW 

Manager-Captain  of  the  New  York  Club 
National  League 


ALSO  THE 


Official  Rules  for  1913 

AND    'SCHEDULE    OF    GAMES    TO    BE    PLAYED 


FULLY    ILLUSTRATED 


RICHARD  K.  FOX' PUBLISH  ING  COMPANY 

FRANKLIN  SQUARE,  NEW  YORK  CITY 


Copyright  1913 
BY  RICHARD  K.  FOX  PUBLISHING  COMPANY, 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 
Schedules  for  National,  American  and  In  tern '1  League  Games  ior  1913      8 

Concern  ma  Pitchers 15 

Ti.e  Man  Behind  the  Bat 37 

Playing  First  Base 43 

On  Second  Base 47 

The  Third  Baseman 51 

Shortstop 55 

At  the  Bat 57 

The  Outfielders 63 

Rule* «7 

Umpires  and  Their  Duties ,.    89 

Rules  for  Post-season  Championship  G times 100 

World's.  Championship  Series,  1912 104 

National  League  Records,  1912. 105 

National  League  Batting  Averages,  1912 106 

National  League  Pitching  Averages,  1912.. 107 

American  League  Records,  1912 108 

American  League  Batting  Average*,  1912 109 

American  League  Pitching  Averages,  1912 , 110 

Pacific  Coast  League  Records,  1912 Ill 

Pacific  Coast  League  Batting  Averages,  1912 112 

Pacific  Coast  League  Pitching  Averages,  1912 113 


266902 


INDEX  TO  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PAGE. 

Richard  K.  Fox 2 

John  J.  McGraw 16 

How  Ball  is  Grasped  for  Start  of  Fade-away  18 

Position  of  Hand  as  Kail  Leaves  it 18 

The  Drop-curve 20 

The  Out-curve 20 

How  to  Throw  a  High  Fast  Ball 22 

Toe  Spit  Ball 22 

The  In-curve 24 

The  Slow  Straight  Bail 24 

Christy  Mathpwson 36 

Joe  Wood : 40 

Frank  Cbance 44 

Ty  Cobb 50 


SCHEDULES 


:OF  THE: 


National,  American  and 
International    Leagues 

For  1913 


AND  THE 

OFFICIAL  RULES 

for    Professional    Baseball 


Adopted  by  the  Joint  Playing  Rules  Committee  of  the  National 
and  the  American  Leagues  at  New  York,  February  16*1913 


BASEBALL  SCHEDULE  FOR  1913 

National  League.                     American  League. 

Boston  at  home  vs. 

Chicago  at  home  vs. 

Brooklyn. 
April    22,    23,    24,    25.    May    29, 
30,    30,    31.      Oct.    2,    3,    4. 

St.    Louis. 
April   24,    25,   26.    27.      June   21, 
22,    23,    24,    25.      S'ept.    26   27. 

New    York. 
April    17,    18,    19.    19,   21.      Mav 
24,  26,  27,  28.    Sept.    29,    30. 

Detroit. 
April    21.    22,    23.      May    4,    29, 
30,  30,    31.    June  1.    Aug.  30,  31. 

Philadelphia. 
April  26,    28,    29,    30.      June  21, 
23,    24.      Sept.    4,    5,    6,    8. 

Cleveland. 
April    17,    18,    19,    20.      Mav   24, 

~5.     June  26,   27,   28,   29.     Sept. 

28. 

Pittsburgh. 
May    6,    7,    8,    9.      July    12.    14, 
15,    16.      Aug.    25,    26,    27. 

Washington. 
May  7.    8,    9.    10.     July   20,    21, 
22,    23.      Aug.    24,    25,    26. 

Cincinnati. 
May    15,    16,    17,    19.      Julv    22, 
23,   24.   Aug.   16,   18,   19,   20. 

Philadelphia. 
Mav    11,     12.    i:j,    14.       July    16. 
17.    18,    1'J.      Aug.    21,    22,    2:5. 

Chicago. 
May  20,  21,  22.  Julv  17,   18,   19, 
21.      Aug.    12,    13,    14,     15. 

New    Y"ork. 
Mav    15.     16.    17,     18.      July    9, 
10,    11.       Aug.    14,    15,    16,    17. 

St.    Louis. 
Mav   10,   12,    13,   14.     July  8,   9, 
10,    11.       Aug.    21,    22,    23. 

Boston. 
Mav    19,    20,    21,    22.      Julv    12, 
13,*  14,     15.      Aug.    18,    19,    20. 

Brooklyn  at  home  vs. 

St.  Louis  at  home  vs. 

Boston. 

May   1,   2,    :{.   5.      June  30.   July 
1,    2,    3.      Aug.    28,    29,    30. 

Chicago. 
April    13,     14,     15.     16.      Julv    3, 

4,    4.      Sept.    4,    5,    6,    7. 

New    York. 
April  26,  28,   29,   30.     July  4,   4, 
5,    7.      Sept.    25,    26,    27. 

Detroit. 
April    10,    11,    12.      May   24,    25, 
26,    27,    28.      July    5,    6,    7. 

Philadelphia. 
April  9.  18,  1!).  21.     Mav  24,  26, 
27,    28.      Sept.    1,    i,    2. 

Cleveland. 
April     30.       May     1,     2,     3,     4. 
June   30;    Julv    1,    2.      Aug.    29, 
30,    31. 

Pittsburgh. 
May    20,    21,    22,    23.      July    17, 
IS,    19,   21.   Aug.   13,   14,   15. 

Washington. 
Mav    11,    12,    13.    14.      July    16, 
17,    18,    19.      Aug.    21,    22,    23. 

Cincinnati. 
May   10,    12,    13,    14.      July   8,  9, 
10,     11.      Aug.    21,    22,    23. 

Philadelphia.  * 
Mav   7,    8,    9,    10.      July  20.    21, 
22,    23.       Aug.    24,    25,    26. 

Chicago. 
Mav    6,    7,    8,    9.      July    12,    14, 

New    York. 
Mav    19,    20,    21,    22.      July    12, 

15,    16.      Aug.    25,    26,    27. 

13,    14,    15.      Aug.    18,    19,    20. 

St.    Louis. 
Mav    15,    16,    17.    19.      July   22, 
23,    24.    Aug.    16.    18,   19,   20. 

Boston. 
May    15,     16,     17,    18.      July    9, 
10,    11.      Aug.    14,    15,    16,    17. 

BASEBALL  SCHEDULE  FOR  1913 

National  League.                     American  League. 

New  York  at  home  vs. 

Detroit  at  home  vs. 

Boston. 
April    10,    11,    12.      June   25.    20, 
27,    28.      Sept.    1,    1,    2,    3. 

Chicago. 
April     2!>,     30.       May     1,     2,     3. 
June    30.      July    1,    2.      Oct.    3, 
4.    5. 

Brooklyn. 
April   14,    15,    16.      June  21,    23, 
24.     Sept.    4,     5,     6,    8,    24. 

St.    Louis. 
April    17.    18.    19.    20.      June   26, 
27,    28,    29.       Sept.    1,    1,    28. 

Philadelphia. 
April    22.    23,    24.    25.    May    29. 
30,    30,    31.      Oct.    2,    3,    4. 

Cleveland. 
April   24,    25,    26.    27,    28.    Sept. 
6,    7,    26,    27.      Oct.    1,    2. 

Pittsburgh. 
May    15,    16,    17,    19.      July    22, 
23,    24.    Aug.    16,  18,  19,  20. 

Washington. 
May    15.    16.    17.    18.      July    9. 
10,    11.      Aug.    14,    15,    16,    17. 

Cincinnati. 
May    6,    7,    8,    9.      July    12.    14, 
15,    16.     Aug.    25,   26,   27. 

Philadelphia. 
May    19.    20,    21,    22.      July    12, 
13,    14,    15.      Aug.    18,    19,    20. 

Chicago. 
May    10,    12,    13,    14.      July  8.   9, 
10,     11.      Aug.    21,    22,     23. 

New    York. 
May   7,    8,    9.    10.      July   20.    21, 
22,    23.       Aug.    21,    22,    23. 

St,    Louis. 
Mav  20,  21,  22.   23.  July  17.   IS, 
19,    21.      Aug.     13,     14,     15. 

Boston. 
May    11,    12,    13,    14.      July    16, 
17,    IS,    19.      Aug.    24,    25,    26. 

Philadelphia  at  home  vs. 

Cleveland  at  home  vs. 

Boston.. 
April   14,   15,    16.      July  4.   4,   5, 
7.      Sept.    24,    25,    26,    27. 

Chicago. 
April    10,    11,    12.      May   26.    27, 
28.      July   5,    6.      Sept.    1,    1,    2. 

Brooklyn. 
April  10,  11.  12.     June  2,  25,  26, 
27,  28.   Sept.  29,  30.   Oct.  1. 

St.    Louis. 
April   21,    22,    23.      May   29,    30, 
30,    31.      June   1.      Oct.    3,   4,    5. 

New    York. 
May    1,    2,    3,    5.    June   30.    July 
1,    2,    3.    Aug.    28,    29,    30. 

Detroit. 
April   13,    14,    15,    16.      June   21, 
22.     July   3,    4,    4.      Sept.    4,    5. 

Pittsburgh. 
May    10,    12,    13,    14.   July   8,    9, 
10,     11.       Aug.    21,    22,    23. 

Washington. 
Mav    19.    20,    21,    22.      July    12. 
13,    14,    15.      Aug.    18,    19,    20. 

Cincinnati. 
Mav    20,    21,    22,    23.      July    17, 
18,    19,   21.    Aug.    13,  14,  15. 

Philadelphia. 
May    15,     16,     17,     18.       July    9, 

10,    11.       Aug.    14,     15,    16,    17. 

Chicago. 
May    15,    16,    17,    19.      July    22, 
23,    24.      Aug.  16,  18,  19,  20. 

New    York 
May    11,    12,    13,    14.      July    16, 
17,    18,    19.      Aug.    24,    25,    26. 

St.    Louis. 
May    6,    7,    8,    9.      July    12,    14, 
15,     16.       Aug.    25,    26.    27. 

Boston. 
Mav   7,    8,   9,    10.     July   20,    21, 
22,     23.      Aug.    21,    22,    23. 

BASEBALL  SCHEDULE  FOR  1913 

National  League.                     American  League. 

Pittsburg  at  home  vs. 

Washington  at  home  vs. 

Boston. 
June  2,   3,    16,    17,    18.    19.    Aug. 
7,    8,    9.      Sept.    15,    16. 

Chicago. 
June    12.     13,     14,     1(5        Aug.    4, 
"».    <•>.    7.      Sept.    13,    15,    16. 

Brooklvn. 
June    9,     10,     11.      Julv    30,    31. 
An«.  1,  2.      Sept.  9,  20,  22,  23. 

St.    Louis. 
June    3.    4,    5,    6.      Julv    25.    20, 
28,    29.      Sept.    20,    22,    23. 

New   York. 
June   12.    13.    14,    20.   Aug.   4,    5, 
<i.      Sept.    10,    11,    12,    13. 

Detroit. 
June  7,   9,   10,    11.     July  30,   31. 
Aug.    1,    2.      Sept.    17,    18,    19. 

Philadelphia. 
June   4,    5,    6,    7.      July   25,    26, 
28,     29.    Sept.     17,     18,     19. 

Cleveland. 
June    17,    18,    19.      Aug.    8,    9, 
11,    12.      S'ept.    9,    10,    11,    12. 

Cincinnati. 
April    17,    18,    19.      May   20.    27, 
2*.      July    7.      Sept.    1,    1,    2,    3. 

Philadelphia. 
April    14,    15,    16.      June   2,    25, 
26,    27,   28.      Sept.   29,    30.     Oct. 
1. 

Chicago. 
April   25.    26.      May   24,    29,    30. 
30,  :n.    Aug.  29,  30.   Sept.  24,  25. 

New   York. 
April   10.    11,    12.      June  20,    21, 
23,    24.,     Sept.    4,    5,    6,    8. 

Si.    Louis. 
April    :;<>.       Mav     1.    2.    3.      July 
:;.     1.    4.    5.      Sept.    4,    5,    6. 

Boston. 
April   22,    23,    24.    25.      Mav   29, 
30,    30,    31.      Oct.    2,    3,    4. 

Cincinnati  at  home  vs. 

Philadelphia  at  home  vs. 

Boston. 
June    12,    13,    14,    15.      Aug.    3, 
4,    5,    6.      Sept.    10,    11,    13. 

Chicago. 
June    17,    18,     19.      Aug.    8,    9, 
11,    12.      Sept.    9,    10,    11,    12. 

Brooklyn. 
June   3,    4,    5,    7.      July   26,    27, 
28.    29.      Sept.    17,    IS,     19. 

St.    Louis. 
June  7,   9.    10.    11.    July   30,   31. 
Aug.    1,    2.      Sept.    17,    IS,    19. 

New    York. 
June    1,    16,    17,    18,    19.      Aug. 
7.    S,   n,   10.      Sept.   20,   21. 

Detroit. 
June    3.    4,    5.    6.      Julv    25.    26. 
28,    29.       Sept.    20.    22.    23. 

Philadelphia. 
June    8.     9.     10,     11.       Julv    30, 
31.      Aug.    1,    2.      Sept.    14,    15. 

in. 

Cleveland. 
June    12.    13,    14.    16.      Aug.    4. 
5.    6,    7.      Sept.    13,    15,    16. 

Pittsburgh. 
April    10,    11,    12.      May    4,    25. 
June    21,    22,    23,    24.       July    <;. 
Sept.     7. 

Washington. 
April    26.    2S.    29,    30.      Mav    24. 
2(5.    27.    2S.      Sept.    1.    1,'    2. 

Chicago. 
April   20.   21.    22,    23.     June   25. 
26.    27,    28,    29.      Sept.    27.    28. 

New    York. 
April    22.    23.    24.    25.       Mav    29. 
30.     30.     31.       Oct.     2.     3.     -4. 

S't.    Louis. 
April   13,    14.    lf>.    1C.      May    21. 
June    30.      July    1.    2.      Aug.    29. 
•  30,-    31. 

Boston. 
April    17.    IS,    19.    21.      June   20. 
21.     23,    24.       S'ept.    4.    5.    6. 

BASEBALL  SCHEDULE  FOR  1913 

National  League.                     American  League. 

Chicago  at  home  vs. 

New  York  at  home  vs. 

Boston 
June   4,    5,    6,    7.      July   26,    27, 
28,    29.      Sept.    17,    18,    19. 

Chicago. 
June   7,    9.    10,    11.   July   30,    31. 
Aug.    1,    2.      Sept.    17,    18,    19. 

Brooklyn. 
June    12    13,    14,    15.      Aug.    3, 
4,    5,    G.      Sept.    10,    11,    13. 

St.    Louis. 
June    17,     18,    19.      Aug.    S,    9. 
11,    12.      Sept.    9,    10,    11,    12. 

New     York. 
June  S,   9,   10,   11.     July  30,  31. 
Aug.    1,    2.      Sept.    14,    15,    16. 

Detroit. 
June    12,    13,    14,    10.      Aug.    4. 
5,    6,    7.      Sept.    13,    15,    16. 

Philadelphia. 
Juno    16,    17,    18,    19.      Aug.    7, 
8,    9,    10.      Sept.    20,    21,    22. 

Cleveland. 
June    3.    4,    5,    6.      July    25,    20, 
28,    29.       Sept.    20,    22,    23. 

Pittsburgh 
April     13,     14,     15.       April    27, 
28.      June    30.      July    1,    2. 
Aug.    31.      Oct.   4,    5. 

Washington. 
April    17,    18,    19,    21.      Julv    4, 
4,    5,    7.      Sept.    25,    26,    27.  ' 

Cincinnati. 
r  April    29,     30.       Mav    1,     2,     3. 
July    3,    4,    4,    5.      Sept.    5,    6. 

Philadelphia. 
May  1,    2,    3,   5.     June  30.   July 
1,    2,    3.      Aug.    28,    29,    30. 

St.    Louis. 
April    10,    11,    12.      May    4,    25, 
20,    27.      July   6.      Sept.    7,    8,  9. 

Boston. 
April   26,    28,    29,    30.      May   24, 
26,  27,  28.  Sept.  29,   30.   Oct.  1. 

St.  Louis  at  home  vs. 

Boston  at  home  vs. 

Boston. 
June    8,    9,     10,    11.      July    30, 
31.      Aug.    1,    2.      Sept.   20,   21, 
22. 

Chicago. 
June   3,  .  4,    5,    6.      July    25,    26, 
28,    29.      Sept.    20,    22,    23. 

Brooklyn. 
June    16,    J7,    18,    19.      Aug.    7, 
8,    9,    10.      Sept.    14,    15,    16. 

St.    Louis. 
June    12,    13,    14,    16.      Aug.    4, 
5,    6,    7.      Sept.    13,    15,    16. 

New    York. 
June   3.    4,    5,    7.      July   26,    27, 
28,    29.      Sept.    17,    18,    19. 

Detroit. 
June    17,    17,    18,    19.      Aug.    8, 
9,    11.      Sept.    9,    10,    11,    12. 

Philadelphia. 
June    12,    13,    14,    15.      Aug.    3, 
4,    5,    6.      Sept.    10,    11,    13. 

Cleveland. 
June    7,    9,     10,    11.      Julv    30,. 
31.      Aug.    1,    2.      Sept.    17,    18,' 
19. 

Pittsburgh. 
April  20,   21,    22,   23.      June  25. 
26,    27,    28,    29.      Sept.    27,    28. 

Washington. 
Mav    1,   2,   3,   5.     June  30.   Julv. 
1,    2,    3.      Aug.    28,    29,    30. 

Cincinnati. 
April   24,    25,    26,   27,    28.      May 
29,    30,    30,    31.      Oct.   4,    5. 

Philadelphia. 
April    10,    11,    12.      Julv    4,    4, 
5,    7.       Sept.    24,    25,    26,    27. 

Chicago. 
April    17,    18,    19.      June   1,    20, 
2],    22,    23.      Sept.    1,    1,    2. 

New   York. 
April   14,    15,    16.      June  25,   26, 
27,    28.      Sept.    1,    1,    2,    3. 

BASEBALL  SCHEDULE  FOR  1913 

International  League. 

Toronto  at  home  vs. 

Buffalo  at  home  vs. 

Montreal. 
June    9,    10,    11.    11.      Jnlv    10, 
11,    12,    12.      Sept.    8.    9,    10. 

Toronto. 
Mav    29,    30.     30.    31.       Julv    .". 
7,    8,    9.      Sept.    1,    1,    2. 

Buffalo. 
June   5.    0.    7.    7.      June  30.   Julv 
1,    1,    2.      Sept.    11,    12,    13.  ' 

Montreal. 
July   3,   4,   4.      Sept.    3.    4.    5,    0, 
18,     19,    20,    20. 

Rochester. 
Tune   2,    3,    4,    4.      July    17,    18, 
19,    19.      Sept.    15,   *16,    17. 

Rochester. 
May    26,    27,    2S       June    12.    13. 
14,    14.       July    14,     15.    15,    16. 

Baltimore. 
May    15,    16,    17,    19.      July    21, 
22,    23,   24.      Aug.    28,    29,    30. 

Baltimore. 
May    10,    12,    12.    13.    14.    Aug. 
2,    2,    4.    25,    26,    27. 

Providence. 
MMV    21,    22,    24,    24.      July    29, 
30.    31.    Aug.    1,    21,   22,    23. 

Providence. 
Mav    15,    10.    17.    19.      Jnlv    25. 
26,    26,    28.      Aug.     18.    19,    20. 

Newark. 
May    0.    7,    8,    9.      July    25.    2G, 
2G,     28.       Aug.     18,     19.    2n. 

Newark. 
May    20,    21,    22.    24.      July    21. 
22,    23,    24.      Aug.    28,    29.'    3d. 

Jersey    City. 
M:iv    10,     12,     13,     14.       Aug.    2, 
2'.    4.    4.       Aug.    25.     20.    27. 

Jersev    Citv. 
May    6,    7,    8,    9.      July    29.    30, 
31.      Aug.    1,    21,    22,    23. 

Montreal  at  home  vs. 

Rochester  at  home  vs. 

Toronto. 
M.-iv    2.",,    20.    27,    28.      June    12, 
13,    14.      July    13,    14,    15,    10. 

Toronto, 

Jlllv     3.     4.     4.       -Sept.     3.     4.     5. 
6,     IS.    19.    20.    20. 

Buffalo. 
June    1,    2,    3,    4.      July    17,    18, 
19.    20.      Sept.    15,    1C,    17. 

Montreal. 
May    29.    30,     30,    31.      July    5, 
7,    8,    9.      S'ept.     1,    1.    2. 

Rochester. 
June   5,    6,    7.    8.   June   30.    July 
1,    1,    2.      Sept.    12,    13,    14. 

Buffalo 
June    9.    10,     10,     11.      Julv    10. 
11,    12,    12.      Sept.    8,    9,    10. 

Baltimore. 
May    21    22,    24.    24.      July    25. 
IK'..     27.     2S.       Aug.     18,     19,     20. 

Baltimore. 
May    0,    7.    S.    9.      Julv   29.    30, 
31.      Aug.    1,    21,    22,    23. 

Providence. 
May     0.     7,     8.     9.       Aug.     2,     3. 
4,     4.       Aug.     25,     20.     27. 

Providence. 
May    10,    12.    i:;.    14.      Julv    21. 
22,     23.     24.       Aug.    28,     29,     30. 

Newark. 
May    10,    11,    13.    14.      July    29. 
30,    31.      Aug.    1,    22,    23.    24. 

Newark. 

Mav    15.    10.    17.    17.    19.      Aug. 
2,     2,     25,     25,     26,     27. 

Jersev    Citv. 
May    16,    17,    18,    19.      July    21, 
22,     23,     24.       Aug.    29.     30.     31. 

Jersey    City. 
Mav    20,    21,    22.    24.      Julv    25. 
20.     20.     28.       Aug.     18,     19.     2O. 

BASEBALL  SCHEDULE  FOR  1913 

International  League. 

Baltimore  at  home  vs. 

Newark  at  home  vs. 

Toronto. 
April   30.    May    1,   2,    3,    3.   June 
27,    28,    28.      Aug.    5,    G,    7. 

Toronto. 
April    1C,    17,    18.    19.      June   15, 
16,    17,     18.       Aug.    15,    10,    17. 

Montreal. 
April   21,    22,    23,    24.      June    10, 
20,    21.       Aug.     11,     12,    13,    14. 

Montreal. 
April    25,    20,    27.    2S.      June   23. 
24,     25,     20.       Aug.     8,    !).     Id. 

Buffalo. 
April   25,    20,    28,    29.      June   23, 
24,     25,     20.       Aug.     15,     16,     10. 

Buffalo. 
April    20,    22,    23,    24.      June    19, 
20,    21,    22.      Aug.    5,    6,    7. 

Rochester. 
April    30.       May     1,     3,     4,     18. 
June    28,    29.      Aug.    3,    12,    13, 
14. 

Rochester. 
April   1C,    17,    18.    19.      June  10, 
17,    17,    18.      Aug.    8,    9,    9. 

Providence. 
June    0,    7,    7       July    3,    4     4, 

Baltimore. 
May    25.      June    8,     9,     10,     11. 
July    13,     14,     15.       Sept.    8,     9, 
10. 

5.      Sept.    11,    12,    12,    13. 

Newark. 
May   20,    27,    28,    29.      June    30. 
July    1,    2.      Sept.    1,    1,    2,    3. 

Providence. 
June    12,    13,    14.      July    17,    18, 
19,     20.       Aug.     31.       Sept.     15, 
16,    17. 

Jersey    City. 
June    2,    3,    4.    5.      July    10,    11, 
12,    12.      Sept.    4,  '5,    0. 

Jersey    City. 
M-iy   5,    30    (a'.m.),    31.    June    1. 
July    4     (p.m.),    7,     8,    9. 
Sept.    12.    20.    21. 

Providence  at  home  vs. 

Jersey  City  at  home  vs. 

Toronto. 
April    25,    27,    28.    June    23,    24, 
25.     20.       Aug.     8,     9,     10. 

Toronto. 
April    20.    22,    23,    24.     June    19, 
20,     21.    22.       Aug.     12,     13,     14. 

Montreal. 
April   10,    17,    18,    19.      June   15. 
16,     17,     18.      Aug.    15,    16,    17. 

Montreal. 
April    30.      May    1,    3,    4.    June 
27,    28,   29,    29.      Aug.   5,   6.    7. 

Buffalo. 
April    30.      Mav    1,    3     4.      June 
27,   28,   29.   Aug.    11,    12,   13,    14. 

Buffalo. 
April   10,    17,    18,    19.     June   15, 
10,     17,    18.       Aug.    8,    9,    10. 

Rochester. 
April    20,    22,    23.    24.    June    19, 
20,    21,    22.      Aug.    5.    0,    7. 

Rochester. 
April    25.    20,    27,    28.    June   23, 
24,    25,    20.      Aug.     15,    16,    17. 

Baltimore. 
May   30,    30,    31.     Juno    1.    July 
0,    7,    8,    9.      Sept.    19,    20,    21. 

Baltimore. 
June    12,    13,    14.      July    17,    18, 
19,    20.      Sept.    7,    15,*  10,    17. 

Newark. 
June   2,    3,    4,    5.      July    10,    11, 
12.      Sept.    4,    5,    0,    7. 

Providence. 
June   8,   9,    1O,    11.    July   13.    14. 
15,    16.      Sept.    8,    9,     10. 

Newark. 

April   29.      May   30    (p.m.).   June 
0,     7.    July    3,    4    (a.m.),    5. 
0.    Sept.    13,    14,    19. 

Jersey    City. 
May    25.    20,    27,    28.'      June    30. 
July    1,    2.      'Sept.    1,    1,    2,    3. 

OFFICIAL   DIAGRAM   OF   A 
BASEBALL  FIELD. 


E 


1! 


64J 


o 


For  further  information  see  Rules  from 
No.  2  to  No.  12. 


CONCERNING  PITCHERS 


Christy  Matthewson,  who  is  probably  the 
most  successful  pitcher  in  the  business,  is  a 
man  who  all  young  fellows  in  the  game  might 
well  follow,  for  he  has  mastered  the  science  of 
the  game  from  the  pitcher's  standpoint.  Here 
is  something  he  has  said  that  will  be  of  great 
interest  to  the  baseball  student.  Read  it  over 
many  times  and  then  practice  until  you  have 
attained  perfection.  That's  the  only  way. 

The  value  of  a  pitcher  is  almost  invariably 
measured  by  his  ability  to  change  his  pace  or 
mix  up  the  style  of  ball  he  is  capable  of  de- 
livering. Unless  he  can  mix  them  up  pretty 
well  he  is  of  little  use  against  a  clever  team. 

Of  the  various  balls  used  by  latter  day 
pitchers  the  fast  ball,  which  may  have  an  in- 
ward shoot,  outward  shoot  or  upward  shoot  at 
the  end  of  it,  comes  first.  All  pitchers  must 
be  able  to  use  this  ball  with  more  or  less  suc- 
cess. Then  comes  the  absolutely  slow  ball, 
which  does  not  curve  or  revolve ;  .the  drop 
curve,  one  of  the  most  popular  curves  of  the 
day;  the  out  curve,  which  is  very  seldom  used 


'    ifc'  IB 


JOHN  j.  MCQBAW. 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


in  the  big  leagues;  the  raise  ball,  an  under- 
hand curve,  used  with  very  little  success  by 
any  one  except  McGinnity;  the  fall  away,  or 
fade  away,  which  I  have  used  with  greater 
effectiveness  than  any  other  pitcher,  and  the 
spit  ball,  a  style  of  delivery  the  science  of 
which  cannot  be  explained  and  one  very  diffi- 
cult to  control. 

For  two  or  three  years  I  relied  almost  en- 
tirely upon  the  drop  curve,  fast  ball  and  fall 
away,  and  these  I  shall  explain  fully,  as  I  be- 
lieve they  are  the  most  useful  to  pitchers 
under  the  present  system  of  playing  the  national 
game. 

In  the  first  place,  it  takes  a  good  physical 
specimen  of  manhood  to  make  a  successful 
twirler.  Knotted  muscles,  however,  are  not 
an  essential  to  a  great  pitcher,  as  the  ball  is 
propelled  mainly  by  a  swing  of  the  body  and 
the  bulk  of  the  power  is  derived  from  the  back 
and  shoulders,  the  arm  acting  as  a  whipcord 
to  snap  the  ball.  In  fact,  the  more  a  pitcher 
can  learn  to  get  the  power  from  his  body  the 
more  he  will  save  his  arm  and  the  longer  he 
will  be  able  to  do  himself  justice  in  the  box. 

I  attribute  a  great  deal  of  my  success  to  my 
ability  to  get  most  of  the  propelling  force  from 
the  swing  of  the  body. 

When  mastered  there  is  no  more  successful 


HOW  BALL  IS  GRASPED  FOB  START  OF  FADE-AWAY. 


POSITION  OF  HAND  AS  BALL  LEAVES  IT. 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 19 

ball  than  the  drop,  or  drop  curve.  It  is  a  ball 
that  can  be  made  to  break  very  abruptly  or  a 
gradual  break  can  be  put  to  it.  When  it  breaks 
quickly  the  batter  invariably  hits  over  it  and 
misses  it  entirely.  It  is  the  ball  I  usually  rely 
upon  when  there  is  a  man  on  third  base  and 
no  one  out. 

To  deliver  this  ball  the  arms  must  be  thrown 
high  above  the  head.  As  the  pitching  arm 
rapidly  descends  straight  forward  the  arm  is 
turned  slightly  outward,  and  when  the  arm  is 
horizontal  the  hand  is  turned  slightly  outward 
and  the  snap,  a  hard  one,  is  given  by  the  wrist, 
and  the  greater  the  snap  the  faster  will  be  the 
curve. 

In  holding  the  ball  the  first  two  fingers  are 
above  it  and  the  thumb  below.  The  ball  is 
held  rather  loosely.  When  the  twist  or  snap 
of  the  wrist  takes  place  at  the  moment  of  de- 
livery the  hand  tnrns  so  that  the  thumb  is  on 
top  of  the  ball  and  the  first  two  fingers  below 
it.  A  full  arm  swing  is  used.  The  body  is 
bent  far  forward  so  that  all  the  weight  of  the 
body  is  behind  the  ball,  and  as  the  arm  de- 
scends with  a  mighty  swing  the  weight  of  the 
body  is  shifted  from  the  right  foot  to  the  left. 
Under  no  circumstances  use  moisture  when 
delivering  this  great  puzzler  to  batsmen.  On 
leaving  the  hand  the  ball  travels  in  a  straight 


HOLD  THE  BALL  LIKE  THIS  FOR  A  DROP  CURVE. 


HOW  TO  START  THE  OUT-CURVE. 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


line  until  just  before  it  reaches  the  plate, 
when  it  breaks  sharply  downward  in  front  of 
the  batter. 

As  can  be  well  guessed  such  a  ball  is  a  great 
strain  on  the  muscles  of  the  arm  when  de- 
livered with  all  the  power  a  pitcher  possesses. 
Like  all  curves  the  ball  can  be  used  at  varying 
speeds.  When  men  are  not  on  bases  it  is  a 
fine  ball  to  pitch  if  it  is  desired  to  make  the 
batter  send  out  a  grounder  that  can  be  easily 
fielded.  In  fact  any  curve  can  be  used  fast  or 
slow  with  this  purpose  in  view. 

By  not  bringing  the  ball  quite  so  high  above 
the  shoulder  when  starting  to  make  the  throw 
an  outdrop  can  be  attained.  I  seldom  consider 
it  necessary,  however,  to  try  the  outdrop.  It 
has  less  space  in  which  to  be  called  a  fair  ball 
when  passing  over  the  plate,  and  is  therefore 
more  risky.  The  regular  drop  curve  has  all 
the  space  between  the  batter's  shoulders  and 
knees  to  make  the  batter  score  a  strike,  while 
the  outcurve  has  but  the  width  of  the  plate. 

When  delivering  this  or  any  other  curve  the 
position  of  the  feet  is  important.  It  comes 
natural  to  most  of  us,  but  if  a  pitcher  begins 
wrong  it  is  apt  to  injure  his  effectiveness. 
The  feet  should  be  about  eighteen  inches 
apart,  with  the  toes  squarely  to  the  front  when 
the  pitcher  is  swinging  his  arms  preparatory 


HOW  TO  THROW  A  HIGH  FAST  BALL. 


JIOW  TO  TiiKOW  SPIT  BALL. 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


to  delivering  the  ball.  Then  as  the  arms  are 
outstretched  overhead  a  long  stride  forward 
should  be  taken  with  the  left  foot.  As  the  ball 
leaves  the  hand  the  right  foot  is  pulled  off  the 
ground  and  all  the  weight  of  the  body  is  on 
the  left  foot.  As  soon  as  the  ball  is  delivered 
the  feet  are  again  placed  side  by  side  about 
eighteen  inches  apart,  and  in  this  position  the 
pitcher  is  in  a  good  position  to  handle  a  sharp 
hit  or  to  start  quickly  after  a  bunt.  * 

The  hardest  thing  about  the  drop  curve  for 
a  novice  to  learn  is  to  not  make  the  ball  break 
too  quickly.  It  is  the  correct  twist  of  the 
wrist  that  accomplishes  the  desired  result,  so 
the  twist  requires  the  most  study. 

The  beginner  had   better  refrain  from  at 
tempting  any  speed,  as  there  is  no  ball  that 
will  create  such  havoc  with  the  arm  if  used 
indiscreetly. 

No  pitcher  with  a  good  assortment  of  curves 
should  be  required  to  play  in  more  than  two 
games  a  week.  A  great  amount  of  tissue  is 
broken  down  in  the  arm  that  does  the  work, 
and  it  takes  a  lot  of  time  to  rebuild  it. 

The  fall  away,  or  fade  away,  ball  is  the  most 
effective  style  of  throwing  a  baseball  that  I 
have  yet  discovered. 

So  far  as  I  know,  I  am  the  only  pitcher  in 
League  baseball  to-day  that  habitually  vises 


SENDING  IN  AN  IN-CURVE. 


THE  DECEPTIVE  BLOW  STRAIGHT  BALL. 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


this  method  of  pitching.  There  was  a  twirler 
a  few  years  ago  who  had  some  success  with  it, 
but  he  is  no  longer  in  the  game.  It  took  me 
considerable  time  to  master  it  with  any  degree 
of  perfection,  but  it  came  more  or  less  natural 
to  me.  To  others  it  seems  to  be  a  very  hard 
ball  to  master.  I  have  tried  to  teach  it  to 
several  players,  but  none  of  them  ever  suc- 
ceeded in  getting  it  down  well  enough  to 
make  practical  use  of  it  in  a  game. 

Even  after  they  have  grasped  the  idea  and 
know  fairly  well  how  to  send  it  across  the 
plate,  they  lack  the  confidence  to  use  it  in  a 
contest.  Two  pitchers  that  I  could  mention 
have  been  trying  to  add  it  to  their  accom- 
plishments for  two  years,  and  they  are  now 
about  ready  to  give  it  up.  For  this  reason  I 
believe  the  fade  away  is  the  ball  that  comes 
most  natural  to  my  own  particular  build  of 
muscle,  or  perhaps  I  am  a  poor  coach. 

I  regard  the  fade  away  as  my  most  effective 
ball.  I  use  it  in  every  game,  and  it  has  never 
failed  me  in  recent  years  when  my  control  was 
in  working  order.  It  is  the  ball  that  has  won 
for  me  all  my  honors  in  baseball,  and  I  regard 
it  as  the  best  and  most  deceptive  style  of  de- 
livery that  a  pitcher  could  possess. 

After  a  few  drop  curves  and  fast  balls  have 
been  used  there  is  no  better  ball  than  the  fade 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


away  for  a  change  of  pace.  It  is  really  an 
exceptionally  slow  ball,  and  it  serves  to  relieve 
the  strain  on  the  pitcher  as  well  as  to  puzzle 
batsmen.  A  simple  definition  for  the  fall 
away  is  that  it  is  a  ball 'that  curves  out  from  a 
left-handed  batter  when  it  is  pitched  by  a 
right-handed  pitcher. 

In  starting  the  fade  away  a  pitcher  goes 
through  practically  the  same  motions  that  he 
uses  for  a  fast  drop  curve.  The  ball  is  also 
held  in  the  same  way  as  for  the  drop  curve, 
and  these  two  things  serve  to  mystify  the  man 
at  the  bat  at  the  very  start.  The  ball  is  held 
very  loosely  at  the  tips  of  the  fingers,  the  first 
two  fingers  being  above  the  ball  and  the  thumb 
below  it.  The  arms  are  thrown  high  above 
the  head,  as  for  the  drop  curve,  but  when  the 
pitching  arm  begins  to  start  the  horsehide  on 
its  way  the  arm  is  brought  out  from  the  side 
of  the  body  and  raised  to  an  angle  of  about  45 
degrees.  This  motion  is  gone  through  so 
quickly,  however,  that  it  is  practically  impos- 
sible for  the  batsman  to  detect  the  fact  that  he 
is  going  to  get  something  very  different  from 
a  drop  curve.  In  the  drop  curve  the  arm  de- 
scends straight  down  in  front,  but  in  the  fade 
away  the  motion  of  the  arm  from  its  position 
at  an  angle  of  45  degrees  is  a  small  outward 
swing.  When  the  arm  gets  in  front  of  the 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


pitcher  just  about  on  the  level  with  his  chin 
the  hand  is  given  a  sharp  twist  inward,  or  to 
the  left,  which  brings  the  back  of  the  hand  on 
top,  and  the  loosely  held  ball,  which  is  revolv- 
ing from  the  rapid  action  of  the  arm,  slips  out 
sideways  or  off  the  second  finger.  At  the  same 
time  there  is  a  rotary  motion  given  to  the  hand. 
When  the  ball  leaves  the  hand  the  arm  is  so 
twisted  that  the  palm  of  the  hand  faces  out- 
ward. 

The  ball  sails  through  the  air  at  a  deceptive 
gait  until  it  gets  about  six  feet  from  the  bats- 
man, where  it  begins  to  curve  both  outward 
and  downward.  It  is  the  rotary  motion  of  the 
hand  just  before  the  ball  is  let  go  that  imparts 
the  outward  curve  to  the  ball.  As  the  ball 
passes  the  batsman  it  is  revolving  at  a  great 
rate,  and  its  course,  as  I've  said,  is  both  out- 
ward and  downward. 

It  can  be  easily  imagined  that  such  a  ball  is 
calculated  to  deceive  the  greatest  wielder  of  a 
bat  that  ever  strode  the  diamond.  He  is  de- 
ceived at  the  start  as  to  the  speed  of  the  ball. 
As  it  rushes  towards  him  it  looks  like  a  fast 
high  ball ;  six  feet  away  from  him,  when  it 
begins  to  drop,  it  has  the  appearance  of  a  slow 
drop  ball,  and  then  .as  he  swings  at  it  it  is 
travelling  in  two  directions  at  once. 

Another  good  feature  of   the  fade  away  is 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


that  it  can  be  delivered  fast  as  well  as  slow, 
although  it  never  attains  the  speed  of  what  we 
baseball  players  call  the  fast  ball. 

The  ball  often  puzzles  umpires,  but  when 
rightly  placed  it  is  invariably  called  a  strike. 
The  reason  for  this  is  that  the  ball  has  a  good 
big  target  in  which  to  score  a  strike.  The 
diagonal  break  gives  it  about  two  feet  of  travel 
across  the  plate. 

Another  thing  that  increases  its  effective- 
ness is  its  tremendous  curve.  In  rising  it  I 
generally  lure  the  batsman  into  the  idea  that 
he  is  about  to  receive  a  fast  ball  of  some  sort. 
He  prepares  to  meet  such  a  ball,  and  is  there- 
fore wide  of  the  mark  when  he  strikes  at  a 
sphere  with  a  two-foot  curve  on  it.  It  is  par- 
ticularly effective  against  left-handed  batters, 
for  if  they  meet  it  at  all  they  will  catch  it  on 
the  end  of  the  bat  and  either  score  a  little  pop 
fly  or  make  a  weak,  dribbling  hit  toward  the 
pitcher  or  third  base. 

Right-handed  batters  are  puzzled  just  as 
much  by  it,  and  I  never  hesitate  to  use  it  at 
any  time.  Many  batsmen  have  a  pretty  good 
idea  of  the  direction  it  will  take  when  they 
guess  what  is  coming,  but  they  also  know  how 
hard  it  is  to  connect  with  and  this  lessens  their 
confidence  in  their  own  skill. 

I  invariably  use  the  ball  when  two  men  are 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


on  bases,  and  the  opposing  batsmen  know  it. 
The  knowledge,  however,  does  them  little 
good,  the  ball  being  so  hard  to  hit. 

No  pitcher  can  be  very  effective  in  the  box 
without  having  a  fast  ball  at  his  command ; 
and  it  is,  in  fact,  the  ball  that  amateurs  who 
aspire  to  be  professionals  should  thoroughly 
master  before  perfecting  their  control  of  any 
other  mode  of  pitching. 

If  a  pitcher  depended  entirely  on  slow  balls 
and  curves,  he  would  weaken  his  effectiveness 
at  least  twenty-five  per  cent.  The  opposing 
batsmen  would  soon  learn  to  anticipate  what 
was  coming,  and  base  hits  would  be  made  with 
bewildering  frequency. 

A  fast  ball  may  travel  as  straight  as  a  sur- 
veyor's tape  into  the  glove  of  the  catcher,  but 
the  most  effective  way  to  vise  it  is  to  make  it 
shoot  in  one  of  several  directions.  If  delivered 
by  a  straight  overhand  movement,  and  with 
great  force,  it  may  sometimes  jump  upward, 
perhaps  only  an  inch,  but  that  may  be  enough 
of  a  jump  to  make  the  batsman  hit  under  it  or 
hit  it  so  that  it  goes  straight  up  in  the  air, 
where  the  catcher  or  pitcher  can  easily  secure 
it  when  it  descends. 

If  delivered  by  a  side  arm  snap,  or,  in  other 
words,  with  the  arm  horizontal  to  the  ground, 
it  may  shoot  in  toward  the  handle  of  a  right- 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


handed  batter.  Some  amateurs  have  been 
wont  to  call  this  shoot  an  incurve.  It  is  not  a 
curve,  but  a  distinct  shoot.  At  other  times  it 
may  shoot  in  exactly  the  opposite  direction; 
and,  in  fact,  there  is  no  telling  what  a  fast  ball 
will  do. 

It  therefore  can  be  easily  conceived  that  the 
fast  ball  is  a  very  wicked  ball ;  and,  in  the 
hands  of  a  pitcher  with  an  attack  of  wildness, 
a  very  dangerous  one.  Pitchers  often  hit 
batsmen  when  using  the  fast  ball,  even  when 
they  have  perfect  control,  for  the  ball  is  liable 
to  take  an  unusually  big  shoot  at  any  time.  It 
is  a  ball  calculated  to  rattle  the  man  at  the  bat, 
for  it  is  impossible  for  him  to  guess  which  way 
an  extremely  fast  ball  will  jump  when  de- 
livered overhand. 

In  many  respects  it  is  a  simple  sort  of  de- 
livery to  learn.  The  ball  is  clutched  in  the 
same  way  as  the  fade  away  and  drop  curve 
balls ;  that  is  to  say,  it  is  held  by  the  two  first 
fingers  and  the  thumb,  the  latter  being  beneath 
the  ball.  There  is  one  important  exception, 
however.  When  delivering  the  drop  curve 
and  fade  away,  the  ball  is  clasped  so  loosely 
that  it  moves  about  in  the  hand,  while  when 
the  fast  ball  is  desired  the  sphere  is  pressed 
tightly  against  the  thumb. 

This  pressure  prevents  the  ball  making   a 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


curve.  When  the  ball  is  started  on  its  way 
with  the  overhand  swing,  the  whole  body  must 
go  behind  the  ball,  and  no  sudden  jerk  should 
be  given  to  the  arm.  Neither  is  there  any 
snap  of  the  wrist  when  the  ball  leaves  the 
hand ,  When  the  ball  starts  for  the  plate  the 
wrist  is  exactly  on  a  level  with  the  rest  of  the 
arm,  which  is  extended  out  as  straight  as  pos- 
sible horizontally  to  the  ground.  The  ball 
leaves  the  hand  at  terrific  speed  and  travels 
straight  as  a  die.  When  it  is  about  three  feet 
from  the  batter  it  may  shoot  for  six  inches  or 
more,  either  outward  or  inward. 

When  the  ball  is  rightly  delivered  the  speed 
is  so  great  that  the  time  is  too  short  for  a  bats- ' 
man's  eye  to  judge   it.     He   is  compelled  to 
either  strike  at  random  or  step  back  out  of 
harm's  way. 

When  using  the  fast  ball  it  is  essential  to 
take  care  that  110  jerk  of  the  arm  or  snap  of 
the  wrist  occurs.  The  tremendous  power  put 
in  the  swing  is  apt  to  lead  to  a  strain  if  the 
motion  of  the  arm  be  not  as  smooth  as  pos- 
sible. The  slightest  jerk  of  the  arm  is  apt  to 
cause  it  to  ache  for  some  time. 

Control  is,  of  course,  the  most  important 
feature  of  the  fast  ball.  When  a  pitcher  has 
good  control  of  it,  it  will  be  as  useful  against  a 
clever  team  as  any  ball  he  could  employ.  If  a 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


pitcher  knows  that  a  batsman  hits  weakly  at  a 
high  ball,  he  must  have  the  control  to  send 
the  ball  across  the  plate  exactly  at  the  height 
of  the  batter's  shoulders,  so  that  if  an  attempt 
is  made  to  bat  the  ball  it  will  be  a  strike. 
Some  batsmen  are  very  weak  at  hitting  low 
balls  when  they  pass  over  either  the  inside 
edge  or  the  outside  edge  of  the  plate,  and 
these  men  are  easily  struck  out  by  a  pitcher 
having  perfect  control  of  the  fast  ball. 

A  good  ball  to  use  in  connection  with  the 
fast  ball  is  what  is  known  in  the  profession  as 
the  slow  ball,  also  known  as  the  palm  ball. 
This  is  thrown  with  exactly  the  same  motion 
as  the  fast  ball,  and  is  therefore  a  gay  deceiver 
to  all  but  exceptionally  clever  batsmen.  When  . 
a  pitcher  desires  to  use  the  palm  ball  he  places 
the  horsehide  in  the  palm  of  his  hand  and 
makes  the  same  swing  as  for  the  fast  ball  ;  . 
that  is,  bringing  the  arm  well  back  over  the 
head,  and  then  straight  forward  at  full  length, 
but  puts  very  little  effort  in  the  delivery.  The 
slow  ball  has  no  curve,  and  very  often  does  not 
revolve  when  on  its  way  to  the  plate. 

It  is  this  ball  that  is  often  described  as  look- 
ing "big  as  a  house"  when  approaching  the 
batsman.  In  fact,  some  sharp-eyed  batters 
say  that  they  can  see  the  seam  when  the  slow 
ball  is  used.  It  is  a  great  ball  to  use  when 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


you  are  sure  that  the  fellow  with  the  willow 
in  his  hands  is  expecting  something  speedy. 

A  great  deal  has  been  written  about  the  spit 
ball,  and  it  is  doubtless  a  very  useful  thing  to 
those  who  have  mastered  it.  I  took  the 
trouble  to  master  this  ball,  and,  like  many 
other  pitchers,  I  have  had  some  success 
with  it.  I  do  not  use  it  very  often,  for 
the  reason  that  I  am  more  successful  with 
the  other  styles  of  delivery  I  have  described 
in  these  articles.  The  spit  ball  is  delivered 
in  about  the  same  manner  as  the  fast 
ball,  and  it  has  a  little  more  speed  than  the 
slow  or  palmed  ball.  It  is  not  a  curve, 
but  makes  an  abrupt  shoot  downward  when 
within  two  or  three  feet  of  the  plate.  It  does 
not  revolve  when  on  its  way  to  the  batsman. 
Just  why  it  takes  that  abrupt  drop  even  the 
scientists  who  take  an  interest  in  baseball 
have  been  tinable  to  explain.  The  ball  gets 
its  undignified  name  from  the  fact  that  the 
first  two  fingers  are  thoroughly  moistened 
with  saliva,  so  that  the  ball  glides  over  them 
without  revolving. 

I  might  say  in  conclusion  that  it  takes  care- 
ful living  and  careful  training  to  remain  a 
first-class  pitcher.  A  man  may  train  con- 
scientiously, yet  fail  to  maintain  his  prestige 
in  the  pitcher's  box,  owing  to  a  lack  of  knowl- 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


edge  of  the  art  of  taking  care  of  his  salary 
wing,  as  ball  players  put  it.  I  inake  it  a  point 
to  give  my  arin  a  thorough  rest  several 
months  each  year,  and  I  have  found  that  this 
proves  the  wisest  thing  to  do  in  the  end. 
CHRISTY  MATTHEWS 


[THE  SPIT  BALL.] 

The  spit  ball,  which  is  probably  the  most  de- 
ceptive ball  that  a  batter  ever  struck  at,  is 
thrown  at  medium  speed.  If  thrown  fast  it 
loses  its  effect.  It  must  be  carefully  judged, 
for  if  it  is  too  slow  it  will  break  too  soon  and 
probably  hit  the  ground  before  it  reaches  the 
catcher 

To  throw  a  spit  ball  wet  the  first  and  second 
fingers,  so  it  will  slip  away  instead  of  rolling 
away.  With  the  latter  movement  the  curve 
is  sharp,  but  with  the  former  it  is  sudden  and 
sometimes  startling. 

It  will  be  found  difficult  at  first  to  control 
the  ball,  and  the  beginner  is  apt  to  be  dis- 
couraged because  of  his  wild  throws. 

Bear  in  mind  one  thing:  In  ordinary  and 
curve  pitching  the  ball  leaves  the  thumb  first 
and  the  fingers  last ;  with  the  spit  ball  this  is 
reversed,  and  the  thumb  is  made  to  control 
the  ball  instead  of  the  fingers. 

The  wetting  of  the  two  fingers  is  only  for 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL  35 


the  purpose  of  allowing  the  ball  to  slip  away 
from  them  easily. 

Very  little  rotary  motion  is  imparted  to  the 
spit  ball.  It  comes  up  big  and  slow  and  the 
batter  can  almost  see  the  seams.  Just  as  he 
draws  back  to  hit  the  ball  seems  to  receive 
new  impetus  and  drops  or  jumps  as  if  struck 
down  from  behind.  If  the  batter  hits  where 
he  aimed  he  misses  it  probably  a  foot. 

That  is  what  has  caused  so  many  former 
heavy  hitters  to  become  disheartened  and  de- 
clare that  nowadays,  the  batter  is  lucky  if  he 
hits  .250  on  the  season.  It  certainly  has  cut 
down  the  hitting  so  much  in  one  season  that 
already  a  change  in  the  rules  is  contemplated. 

Unlike  an  ordinary  curved  ball,  the  pitcher 
cannot  be  certain  of  the  side  direction  the  ball 
will  take  as  it  breaks  downward.  The  perfect 
spit  ball  drops  from  the  batter's  hips  to  his 
knees  or  below  in  perhaps  two  feet  of  forward 
motion. 

The  side  breaks  are  determined  by  the 
manner  in  which  the  ball  leaves  the  pitcher's 
hand.  If  the  hand  is  turned  with  the  arm 
facing  down  and  to  one  side  the  break  at  the 
plate  will  be  different  than  if  the  ball  left  the 
hand  with  the  palm  not  turned  over  so  far. 
There  are  a  great  many  angles  to  deliver  the 
ball  from,  and  different  arm  motions,  but  they 
must  be  studied  out. 


CKBISTY   MATHEWSON,    THE    PHENOMENAL    PITCHER. 


THE  MAN  BEHIND  THE  BAT. 


With  pitchers  studying  out  new  and  puzzling 
curves,  throwing  first  fast  and  then  slow,  with 
drops,  in-shoots,  out-shoots,  and  rising  balls,  the 
position  of  catcher  becomes  trebly  important, 
and  his  work  increased  accordingly.  He  must 
have  a  quick  eye,  strong  hands,  "and  good  nerve, 
for  all  three  are  necessary  to  good  play  in  that 
particular  position. 

Even  in  the  most  favorable  light,  the 'position 
is  not  an  easy  one,  and  it  is  always  in  the  danger 
zone. 

Many  a  good  catcher  has  pulled  his  team  out 
of  a  hole  at  a  critical  moment,  and  has  helped  the 
pitcher  to  steady  himself.  The  catcher  is  the 
man  who  is  practically  in  control  of  the  field, 
because  his  position  faces  every  player,  and,  con- 
sequently, not  a  move  should  escape  him.  By  a 
system  of  signals  he  can  notify  the  pitcher  of 
every  move  made  by  the  base  runner,  and  when 
and  where  to  throw  a  ball  to  catch  a  man  napping. 
A  long  reach  is  almost  indispensable  for  a 
catcher,  for  by  its  means  he  will  be  the  better 
enabled  to  handle  wild  pitches  which  come  his 
way. 


38 SCICIiCC    Of    BASEBALL. 

A  catcher  who  can  hold  the  balls,  no  matter 
how  fast  or  erratic  they  come,  is  bound  to  in- 
spire a  pitcher  with  confidence,  to  say  nothing  of 
the  good  effect  his  work  will  have  upon  the  rest 
of  the  team. 

A  catcher  with  weight  is  bound  to  have  a  great 
advantage  over  a  lighter  man,  because  with  nerve 
and  pounds  he  will  be  better  enabled  to  block  a 
base  runner  who  is  willing  to  take  all  kinds  of 
chances.  He  is  bound  to  have  nerve,  anyhow,  if 
he  expects  to  be  successful  behind  the  brt,  be- 
cause it  is  a  great  strain  to  be  compelled  to  face 
the  rapid-fire  work  of  a  good  pitcher,  watch  the 
field,  look  after  fouls,  and  protect  the  home  plate. 

The  catcher  should  never  weaken  in  his  work. 
If  he  is  up  against  a  fast,  strong  pitcher,  he  must 
take  the  balls  as  they  come,  and*  not  be  afraid  of 
them. 

For  this  the  best  thing  is  practice,  and  keep 
at  it.  His  hands  should  never  be  allowed  to  grow 
soft.  The  good  catcher  will  let  nothing  go  past 
him ;  he  must  be  able  to  throw  accurately,  and  he 
must  have  a  brain  that  acts  quickly.  He  must 
watch  the  bashes  closely  and  head  off  a  runner. 

Many  a  game  has  been  lost  by  the  wild  throw 
of  a  catcher  who  wasn't  well  up  in  the  game ;  and 
there  is  no  position  on  the  team  that  calls'.. for 
harder  work. 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL  39 

He  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  signals, 
and  be  able  to  use  them  in  such  a  manner  that 
they  will  not  be  learned  by  any  of  the  opposing 
players. 

There  is  style  in  catching,  just  as  there  is  style 
in  anything  else.  There  is  a  way  to  stand  and  a 
place  to  stand,  as  well  as  a  way  to  throw. 

In  standing,  the  body  should  be  bent  well  for- 
ward from  the  hips,  with  the  knees  straight,  or 
almost  so.  The  object  is  to  assume  such  a  posi- 
tion that  the  ball  can  be  readily  handled  at  any 
point  from  the  ground  up. 

Don't  crouch,  but  assume  an  easy  position. 

Don't  make  any  more  work  than  is  necessary, 
as  energy  is  a  good  thing  to  take  care  of. 

Keep  your  feet  fairly  close  together — never 
more  than  12  inches  apart — and  always  be  pre- 
pared for  a  quick  throw.  Bear  in  mind  that  the 
catcher  must  be  prepared  for  every  kind  of  an 
emergency,  and  he  must  be  in  form  to  make  a  long 
throw,  stop  a  low  ball,  a  high  ball,  or  get  to  a  foul 
at  an  instant's  notice. 

The  catcher  and  the  pitcher  should  thoroughly 
understand  each  other,  and  after  the  signal  the 
hands  should  be  held  in  such  a  position  that  the 
batter  will  not  have  any  reason  to  suspect  which 
kind  of  a  ball  is  coming  at  the  next  throw;  so 
never  give  any  of  the  opposing  team  any  advan- 
tage in  that  direction. 


JOE  WOOD. 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


The  position  of  the  catcher  can  always  be 
changed  when  the  pitcher  is  ready  to  deliver  the 
ball,  and  he  can  then  prepare  himself  to  hold  it. 

Too  much  importance  cannot  be  placed  upon 
throwing  accurately  and  promptly  to  the  bases, 
and  here  again  is  where  practice  will  make  the 
good  player.  One  of  the  best  catchers  in  the 
business  has  this  to  say: 

"When  about  to  catch  a  ball  which  is  to  be 
immediately  thrown,  be  in  a  position  to  receive 
the  ball  on  the  right  side;  take  one  short  step 
with  the  left  foot,  and  in  throwing,  send  the  ball 
straight  from  the  shoulder  without  drawing  the 
arm  too  far  back." 

There  isn't  a  great  lot  of  speed  in  a  ball  of 
that  character,  but  there  is  less  time  spent  in  start- 
ing it  on  the  way,  and  that  more  than  equalizes 
matters. 

In  making  long  throws  the  ball  should  be  sent 
overhand,  but  in  throwing  to  first  and  third  bases 
the  snap  throw  will  be  found  to  be  best. 

Don't  catch  with  a  stiff  arm,  as  it  is  liable  to 
injure  the  hands.  Relax  the  muscles  and  let  the 
hands  give  with  the  ball.  Don't  meet  it  with  a 
jolt  and  increase  the  strain. 

The  good  catcher  will  be  careful  to  keep  his 
hands  in  good  condition,  and  take  no  chances  of 
having  them  crippled. 

Now  a  word  as  to  foul  flies. 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


It  looks  easy  from  the  outfield  or  grand  stand 
for  a  catcher  to  get  under  a  foul,  but  it  takes  a 
quick,  alert  player  to  handle  them  successfully. 
They  are  usually  hit  behind  him,  and  it  is  some- 
times very  confusing  to  have  to  turn  around  too 
quickly.  But  here  is  where  practice  comes  in 
again,  and  it  doesn't  do  any  harm  to  practice  on 
fouls. 

There  have  been  many  arguments  as  to  where 
a  catcher  should  stand  when  guarding  the  home 
plate,  and  there  is  a  considerable  difference  of 
opinion  on  this  point.  Some  stand  a  couple  of  feet, 
back  of  the  line  and  near  the  plate,  contending 
that  this  makes  it  impossible  for  the  runner  to 
slide  around  them.  But  the  majority  seem  to 
concede  that  the  proper  position  is  in  front  of 
the  plate  and  about  two  feet  toward  third  base. 

Courage  is  most  essential  in  a  catcher's  makeup, 
and  he  must  be  quick  to  think  and  quick  to  act. 


PLAYING  FIRST  BASE. 


There  was  a  time,  years  ago,  when  the  posi- 
tion of  first  baseman  was  not  nearly  so  important 
as  it  is  to-day,  and  so  the  man  who  defends  that 
bag  must  be  a  particularly  alert  player.  This  may 
be  more  readily  understood  when  the  fact  is 
stated  that  a  large  percentage  of  the  balls  thrown 
go  to  this  point.  With  more  than  one  man  on 
bases  his  place  is  liable  to  be  a  critical  one. 

It  is  considered  good  policy  to  cut  off  a  player 
at  third  instead  of  the  man  who  has  just  been  at 
the  bat,  and  who  is  trying  to  reach  first,  but 
the  play  should  be  made  quickly.  There  are 
plenty  of  opportunities  to  make  a  double  play,  but 
many  times  they  end  in  disaster,  and  allow  the 
man  on  second  base  to  g*et  to  third.  So  remem- 
ber the  old  rule — that  one  out  is  better  than  none 
out. 

Watch  the  man  at  the  bat. 

When  the  bases  are  vacant  play  well  into  the 
field,  in  order  to  get  hits  that  would  otherwise 
be  safe,  and  depend  upon  the  pitcher  to  cover  the 
base.  In  the  event  of  fielding  the  ball  at  a  short 


PBANK  CHANCK 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL  45 

distance  from  the  base,  if  the  pitcher  is  covering 
it  don't  make  the  mistake  of  a  swift  overhand 
throw,  which  is  liable  to  be  muffed. 

In  case  the  base  is  occupied,  watch  the  batter 
closely,  and  if  he  bunts  the  ball  toward  first,  run 
in  and  get  it  and  throw  it  to  second,  on  the  chance 
that  it  may  be  returned  promptly  enough  to  head 
off  the  man  who  is  trying  to  make  first. 

Too  much  importance  cannot  be  attached  to  this 
play,  which  has  been  adopted  by  all  good  first 
basemen. 

But  don't  hurry. 

Take  your  time,  and  make  your  throw  accurate, 
and  then  get  to  your  base,  where  you  will  be  ready 
to  receive  the  return  throw. 

But  before  you  throw,  be  sure  that  you  will 
head  the  runner  off.  Make  a  sure-thing  play  of 
it,  and  if  there  should  be  any  doubt  about  it,  bear 
in  mind  that  you  can  at  least  put  out  the  batter. 

One  of  the  most  essential  qualifications  of  a 
man  playing  first  is  his  ability  to  successfully  han- 
dle low  balls,  and  a  good  clean  pick  up  has  re- 
tired many  a  runner  at  this  point. 

A  long  reach  is  a  good  thing  for  any  ball  player 
to  have,  no  matter  in  what  position  he  plays,  and 
its  advantages  in  handling  wild  throws  is  self- 
evident.  It  is  sometimes  a  difficult  matter  for  a 
fielder  to  gauge  a  long  throw,  and  the  best  posi- 
tion is  to  stand  with  both  feet  in  front  of  the 


46  SCIENCE     OP     BASEBALL. 

base,  so  that  the  position  may  be  readily  changed 
from  one  side  to  the  other,  according  as  the  ball 
may  come. 

Foul  flies  come  within  the  province  of  the  first 
baseman,  and  in  order  to  handle  them  he  must  be 
a  speedy  sprinter  and  always  on  the  alert. 

And,  finally,  go  after  the  ball — never  wait  for 
it  to  come  to  you. 

Above  all,  don't  stand  behind  your  base  when 
you  expect  to  be  in  the  play,  because  there  is  a 
good  chance  that  the  ball  will  reach  you  at  the 
same  time  the  runner  arrives  at  the  base,  and  he 
will  be  safe. 

Go  forward  to  meet  the  ball,  if  possible,  and. 
be  where  you  can  command  control  of  the  bag. 


ON  SECOND  BASE. 


It  requires  a  cool  head  for  second  base,  as  well 
as  a  thorough  familiarity  with  the  signals,  and 
many  a  man  holding  down  second  has  brought 
disaster  to  his  side  by  going  up  in  the  air  at  a 
critical  moment. 

Assuming  that  the  first  and  third  bases  are  oc- 
cupied, and  that  the  man  on  first  is  trying  to  steal 
to  second,  the  man  on  second  will  give  the  signal 
to  the  catcher  for  a  long  throw,  while  the  short 
stop  will  back  him  up. 

Then,  if  the  man  on  third  attempts  to  score, 
a  wide-awake  second  baseman  will  return  the  ball 
to  the  home  plate  and  cut  him  off. 

Then,  assuming  that  the  man  on  third  does  not 
try  to  score,  the  second  baseman  will  allow  the 
ball  to  go  to  the  short  stop,  who  has  temporarily 
covered  the  base,  and  put  out  the  runner  from 
first  to  second. 

This  is  more  or  less  of  a  trick  play,  when  made 
under  these  circumstances,  in  order  to  induce  the 
runner  on  third  base  to  attempt  to  score. 


SCIENCE  OF   BASEBALL 


This  play  has  caused  more  criticism  among  the 
experts  than  any  other  on  the  diamond,  but  it  is 
given  here  in  the  way  it  is  played  by  those  second 
basemen  who  rank  as  stars. 

Quick  judgment  is  absolutely  necessary  to  this 
position,  for  with  a  runner  on  first,  and  the  ball 
hit  out  to  near  him,  a  man  hasn't  got  a  great  while 
to  think  what  to  do.  Here  is  his  chance  for  a 
double  play,  which  he  ought  readily  to  make,  if 
he  keeps  his  head.  But  this,  of  course,  with  the 
understanding  that  no  one, .or  perhaps  one  man, 
is  out. 

The  proper  place  to  stand  is  just  inside  of  the 
line,  two  or  three  feet  from  the  base,  unless,  of 
course,  the  runner  happens  to  be  a  diver  or  a 
slider,  when  it  is  advisable  to  play  behind  the 
line. 

The  object  of  playing  inside  the  line  is  to  be 
nearer  the  ball  on  a  short  throw  from  the  catcher, 
and  gathering  in  a  grounder  quickly. 

A  great  many  flies  come  to  the  second  baseman's 
territory,  and  many  of  them  are  extremely  diffi- 
cult to  handle.  He  may  have  to  go  to  center  or 
right  field,  or  he  may  have  to  run  in  almost  to 
the  pitcher.  In  cases  of  this  kind  there  is  always 
the  chance  of  two  men,  both  after  the  same  ball, 
colliding.  To  avoid  this,  if  he  is  reasonably  sure 
of  getting  the  fly,  he  should  shout : 

"I'll  take  it!" 


SCIENCE     OF     BASEBALL.  19 

No  reply  is  necessary  to  this,  as  the  other  player 
assumes  that  everything  is  all  right. 

And  then,  on  the  other  hand,  unless  this  is  done, 
both  players  may  stop  running  for  the  ball,  each 
one  assuming  that  the  other  will  take  it,  and  both 
will  miss  it. 

Many  an  easy  fly  has  proved  a  safe  hit  because 
of  a  misunderstanding  between  players  in  the 
field. 

A  little  practice  and  experience  will  soon  prove 
to  a  player  whether  he  can  get  the  ball  or 
not,  and  if  his  colleague  has  the  better  chance, 
he  should'  allow  him  by  all  means  to  take  the 
ball. 

Don't  try  for  a  grand  stand  play  at  the  expense 
of  the  game. 

Don't  call  out  that  you  will  take  the  ball  un- 
less it  is  almost  a  certainty  that  you  can  take  it. 


TY  COBB. 


THE  THIRD  BASEMAN. 


The  third  baseman  is  right  in  line  with  some 
of  the  hardest  hits,  which  it  takes  no  little  amount 
of  nerve  and  courage  to  face. 

Besides  this,  he  occupies  what  is  considered  by 
many  experts  one  of  the  most  difficult  positions 
on  the  diamond. 

When  a  runner  is  on  third  base,  the  temptation 
to  steal  home  is  very  great,  and  here  is  where  the 
third  baseman's  alertness  comes  into  play.  With 
one  run  needed  to  win,  or  tie  the  score,  his  posi- 
tion is  indeed  a  trying  one,  and  it  frequently  hap- 
pens that  the  game  is  in  his  hands. 

A  good  man  on  third  can  make  the  position  a 
comparatively  easy  one,  just  the  same  as  a  good 
man  anywhere  can  do  any  kind  of  work  with  less 
exertion  than  one  who  may  be  less  capable. 

The  good  man  on  third  will  study  the  peculiari- 
ties of  the  men  at  the  bat,  and  become  just  as  fa- 
miliar with  them  as  the  pitcher.  He  will  pick 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


out  the  hunters,  and  try,  as  far  as  is  possible,  to 
anticipate  the  play.  The  toughest  proposition  he 
has  to  face  is  the  expert  with  the  willow,  who  is 
not  only  a  scientific  batter,  but  a  sprinter  of  abil- 
ity. 

He  must  make  up  his  mind  that  the  batter  is 
just  as  clever  as  he  is,  and  will  try  and  deceive 
him,  if  possible. 

Such  a  batter  will  do  all  in  his  power  to  induce 
the  baseman  to  play  in  close  by  pretending  to  bunt, 
and  will  then  make  a  safe  hit. 

So  the  man  on  third  who  expects  to  be  really 
good  in  the  position  must  know  to  a  certain  extent 
about  what  is  going  to  happen — in  advance. 

He  should  field  all  of  the  easy,  slow  hits,  in- 
stead of  the  short  stop,  with  whom  he  must  have 
a  complete  understanding.  And  as  in  every  other 
position  on  a  nine,  team  work  counts  for  a  great 
deal  in  the  long  run.  But  he  shouldn't  conflict 
with  the  short  stop  by  endeavoring  to  reach  a  ball 
that  ought  to  be  fielded  by  the  latter. 

He  should  also  watch  the  bases,  and  when  he 
throws  the  ball,  throw  it  to  the  right  place  at  the 
right  time. 

If  it  should  so  happen,  as  it  frequently  does,  that 
a  runner  is  on  first  base,  and  a  hit  is  made  to  third, 
he  should  throw  the  ball  to  second,  from  whence 
it  will  go  to  first,  with  two  out  as  the  result  But 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL  53 

if  there  is  no  chance  for  a  double  play,  he  should 
give  the  throw  to  second  the  preference,  by  all 
means. 

There  are  many  intricacies  in  this  position  which 
will  soon  be  mastered  by  an  earnest,  intelligent, 
ambitious  player,  if  he  will  study  them. 


SHORT    STOP. 


This  means  an  exceedingly  active  man,  good 
at  a  sprint,  quick  to  get  in  action,  and  just  as 
quick  to  stop;  a  good  and  accurate  thrower,  and 
the  more  ability  he  has  to  throw  a  ball  the  better 
will  he  be  able  to  support  a  very  trying  posi- 
tion. 

He  is  also  an  emergency  second  and  third  base- 
man, and  must  be  always  ready  to  get  to  either 
one  very  quickly  when  he  is  wanted. 

The  short  stop  covers  a  territory  in  which  it 
is  very  easy  for  an  experienced  batter  to  send 
the  ball,  and  he  must,  perforce,  keep  all  his  wits 
about  him.  It  frequently  happens  that  he  will 
have  to  field  the  ball  on  a  run.  He  must  then 
make  a  dead  stop  and  send  it  to  first  without  de- 
lay. 

The  position  of  short  stop  offers  many  oppor- 
tunities for  individual  star  plays,  and  the  work 
of  a  good  man  will  have  no  little  effect  upon  the 


56  SCIENCE  OF   BASEBALL 


And  here,  again,  a  word  of  caution,  which 
seems  to  be  particularly  appropriate.  Don't  throw 
the  ball  until  you  are  sure  you  are  going  to  get 
it  to  the  hands  of  the  man  who  is  waiting  to  re- 
ceive it,  and  don't  be  over  anxious.  Wild  throws 
and  fumbles  are  inexcusable  errors,  which  should 
never  be  made. 

Better  not  throw  the  ball  at  all,  than  throw  it 
wild,  and  give  the  runner  a  chance  to  make  an- 
other base,  or  perhaps  score. 

The  duty  of  a  short  stop  includes  that  of  tak- 
ing part  in  the  play  when  a  runner  is  caught  be- 
tween the  bases,  and  he  assists  the  baseman  in 
running  the  player  down.  Don't  make  too  many 
throws  in  play.  Start  off  at  full  speed,  and  get 
the  runner  in  action,  and  then  make  the  throw  to 
the  fielder  who  is  in  front  of  the  man.  A  few 
throws  will  generally  do  the  trick,  and  a  lot  of 
surplus  energy  will  be  saved. 

The  short  stop  should  thoroughly  familiarize 
himself  with  the  system  of  signals  of  the  team, 
especially  those  which  are  used  between  the  catch- 
er and  the  first  and  second  basemen,  so  that  he 
will  be  informed  of  approaching  plays,  and  be 
able  to  back  them  up  promptly  and  effectively. 

He  is  supposed  to  be  an  all-around  man,  and 
he  is ;  and  his  business  is  to  help  the  other  play- 
ers on  the  team  whenever  and  wherever  it  is  pos- 
sible to  do  so. 


AT    THE    BAT. 


In  many  games  the  batting  tells  the  story,  and 
while  a  player  may  be  a  star  in  almost  any  posi- 
tion on  the  nine,  yet  he  is  liable  to  be  weak  when 
at  the  bat. 

The  way  to  learn  how  to  handle  the  bat  is  to 
go  up  against  a  good  pitcher  and  try  and  hit  him. 
Practice  is  everything,  but  in  batting  there  is  a 
great  'deal  more  to  be  learned  than  would  seem 
at  first  glance.  The  veriest  tyro  can  take  a  ball 
and  a  bat  and  knock  flies  and  grounders,  and  he 
can  become  so  proficient  that  he  will  be  able  to 
send  the  sphere  a  long  distance.  But  put  him  up 
against  a  good  pitcher,  and  he  will  fan  the  air  for 
a  few  minutes  and  then  go  and  take  a  seat  on 
the  bench  and  give  somebody  else  a  chance. 

So  to  all  baseball  players  this  advice  is  given: 

Learn  how  to  bat  pitched  balls,  and  train  the 
eye  to  follow  the  ball  and  gauge  it  accurately. 

There  are  very  few  young  men  who,  if  they  hit 

a  ball  fairly,  cannot  send  it  a  great  distance ;  they 

•  have  muscle  enough  for  that,  so  that  it  isn't  a  ques- 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


tion  of  strength  alone;  but  the  thing  is  to  hit  it, 
and  the  science  of  it  all  is  to  put  it  in  a  good  safe 
spot,  whether  it  is  in  the  infield  or  the  outfield. 

And  now  assume  that  the  game  has  begun,  and 
you  are  at  the  bat.  Don't  be  in  a  hurry;  there 
is  plenty  of  time.  Watch  the  pitcher,  and  when 
he  delivers  the  ball  shift  your  eyes  to  it. 

Stand  firm,  with  the  legs  not  too  far  apart,  and 
within  easy  reaching  distance  of  the  plate. 

Be  confident. 

Don't  let  the  pitcher  get  your  nerve. 

When  the  pitcher  is  about  to  deliver  the  ball 
be  prepared  to  meet  it,  and  try  and  make  up  your 
mind  whether  it  is  a  fast  ball  or  a  slow  ball. 

Study  his  delivery,  and  try  to  discover  what  he 
is  going  to  do  next. 

Rather  let  a  ball  go  and  have  a  strike,  than 
miss  it,  because  nothing  is  so  discouraging  as  to 
hit  at  a  ball  and  miss  it.  The  weight  should  be 
on  the  forward  foot,  and  once  the  ball  has  been 
started  don't  attempt  to  change  your  position,  and 
don't  make  a  wild  swing  or  reach  for  it. 

A  trained  eye  and  close  calculation  will  do  more 
for  the  man  at  the  bat  than  the  muscles  of  San- 
dow ;  and  be  careful  not  to  take  a  long  step  on  the 
spur  of  the  moment  in  going  after  what  seems 
an  easy  ball.  Keep  all  the  advantage  of  height 
in  order  to  bat  a  moderately  high  ball. 


SCIENCE     OF     BASEBALL.  59 

The  secret  of  a  long  hit  is  not  muscle ;  it's  knack. 
It  lies  in  the  hitting  of  the  ball  at  precisely  the 
proper  moment,  with  a  sharp,  quick  stroke,  and 
adding  to  it  the  impetus  given  by  the  shoulders. 

It  isn't  necessary  to  swing  hard,  either ;  in  fact, 
in  many  cases,  it  is  a  fatal  error,  and  it  robs  the 
batter  of  his  judgment  of  distance  and  accuracy. 

Don't  look  for  a  home  run.  The  base  hit  is 
what  pulls  the  batting  average  up. 

Study  the  field,  and  master  the  ability  to  send 
the  ball  into  a  certain  territory,  rather  <han  to  try 
and  send  it  a  great  distance;  and  don't  forget 
that  flies  are  fatal  to  the  batter  in  many  instances. 

It  is  conceded  that  the  bat  should  hit  the  ball 
not  more  than  six  inches  from  the  end. 

The  weight  of  the  bat  doesn't  make  a  very  great 
difference — that  is  at  the  option  of  the  player. 

It  is  a  hard  matter  to  define  just  how  the  bat 
should  be  held,  because  many  good  players  have 
their  own  opinion  on  this  subject;  but  you  will  not 
be  very  far  out  of  the  way  if  you  keep  the  hands 
slightly  apart,  and  in  a  position  that  the  bat  may 
be  readily  and  easily  handled. 

One  of  the  most  important  things  to  learn  is 
scientific  hitting.  For  this  the  hands  should  be 
much  further  apart,  and  the  player  should  lean 
forward  and  wait  for  a  low  ball,  which  is  the 
best  for  this  purpose.  The  trouble  with  a  high 


60  SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 

ball  is  that  the  batter  is  liable  to  pop  up  an  easy 
fly,  which  can  be  easily  caught  by  the  infield. 

The  ability  to  place  a  ball  in  any  certain  terri- 
tory— it  should  be  called  an  art — cannot  be  over- 
estimated, and  too  much  attention  cannot  be  given 
to  it. 

This  particular  chapter  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant in  this  book,  because  it  applies  to  all  play- 
ers, no  matter  what  their  positions  on  the  nine 
may  be.  Every  man  has  to  bat,  while  only  two 
or  three  have  to  pitch,  or  occupy  certain  posi- 
tions on  the  field. 

And,  above  all,  be  confident. 

Don't  be  afraid  of  being  hit  with  the  ball.  Re- 
member you  are  about  to  engage  in  a  contest  in 
which  you  will  have  nine  men  against  you,  and 
you  have  every  chance  of  winning,  notwithstand- 
ing the  apparently  unequal  odds. 

For  the  batter,  confidence  is  half  the  game ;  and 
he  shouldn't  fear  a  pitched  ball;  the  fact  of  be- 
ing hit  by  a  ball  shouldn't  get  a  man's  nerve.  It's 
all  in  the  game,  and  if  a  player  is  enthusiastic  over 
the  great  national  game  he  will  be  willing  to  take 
the  few  hard  knocks  that  go  with  it. 

If  your  eyes  are  at  all  bad,  don't  play  ball,  for 
you  will  never  succeed.  Every  ball  player  needs 
two  good  eyes,  and  he  must  use  them  all  the 
time,  and  more  especially  when  he  is  at  the  bat. 


SCIENCE  QF  BASEBALL 


Nothing  will  so  rattle  a  man  as  a  wild 
pitcher,  especially  one  who  delivers  a  speedy 
ball,  and  many  pitchers  throw  wild  occasion- 
ally in  order  to  make  a  batter  nervous.  But 
wait  until  the  ball  comes  that  you  want.  Make 
up  your  mind  that  you  want  to  hit  the  ball  if 
the  opportunity  offers,  and  don't  hope  and  ex- 
pect to  be  sent  to  your  base  on  balls. 

The  player  who  stands  in  the  correct  posi- 
tion at  the  plate  will  not  often  be  hit,  because 
he  will  be  able  to  dodge  and  side  step  readily. 

When  a  player  is  at  the  bat,  the  only  thing 
he  has  to  consider  is  the  ball,  as  it  comes  from 
the  pitcher,  and  he  shouldn't  shrink  back 
every  time  a  fast  ball  comes  near  him. 

Bunting  to-day  has  become  a  distinct  feature, 
and  the  man  who  knows  the  science  of  bunt- 
ing is  a  valuable  acquisition  on  any  team,  no 
matter  what  his  other  qualifications  may  be. 

The  man  who  bunts  the  ball  can  usually 
place  it  in  any  territory  he  desires,  for  the 
simple  reason  that  he  is  better  able  to  gauge 
an  easy  hit  than  if  he  were  going  to  slug. 

And  it  is  important  that  the  bunter  should 
know  just  when  to  bunt  and  where  to  put  the 
ball,  in  order  that  it  may  do  the  most  good. 


re**. 


THE  OUTFIELDERS. 


The  player  who  is  a  good  outfielder  is  a  valu- 
able and  important  addition  to  any  team.  His 
motto  should  be,  "Don't  wait,  but  get  there." 

There  are  two  essential  qualifications,  and  they 
must  be  well  developed — a  strong  arm  and  the 
ability  to  sprint. 

Of  course,  it  is  understood  that  a  fielder  must 
possess  other  good  points,  but  these  come  first,  and 
without  them  he  might  as  well  try  some  other  po- 
sition, for  he  will  never  make  a  success  in  the 
field. 

Practice  and  good  judgment  will  tell  the  story, 
for  a  man  never  knows  what  he  can  do  until  he 
tries. 

It  isn't  everyone  who  can  get  under  a  fly  and 
hold  it,  or  who  can  field  a  bounding  grounder  and 
throw  it  accurately  and  swiftly  to  the  proper  base. 

The  fielder  must  think  quick  and  act  quick.  He 
must  take  the  sun  and  the  wind  into  considera- 
tion, as  well  as  the  nature  of  the  ground  upon 
which  he  is  working.  A  slight  inequality  will 
often  divert  the  course  of  a  grounder  that  would 


64 SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 

otherwise  come  his  way,  and  he  must  allow  for 
that. 

He  should  know,  the  instant  the  ball  is  hit  by 
the  batter,  just  about  where  it  will  go,  and  he 
should  not  confine  himself  to  too  small  a  terri- 
tory. 

Fielding' alone  will  not  win  a  game,  but  if  suc- 
cessfully done  its  influence  will  be  shown  on  the 
score  of  the  opposing  team. 

Don't  hold  the  ball,  but  throw  it  at  once  to  the 
proper  place,  and  be  accurate  about  it,  too,  for 
a  wild  throw  from  the  outfield  is  usually  disas- 
trous, and  gives  the  runner  a  chance  to  advance. 

It  is  a  good  rule  for  the  center  fielder,  as  well 
as  the  left  fielder,  to  throw  to  second  base,  if  there 
is  a  man  on  first,  and  to  throw  to  third  if  there  is 
a  man  on  second. 

With  the  right  fielder  it  is  different,  but  it  is 
too  long  a  throw  to  third  from  where  he  would 
probably  field  the  ball,  and  with  a  man  on  first 
his  play  would  be  to  send  the  ball  to  second ;  and 
with  no  men  on  bases,  to  throw  it  to  first. 

Another  point  for  fielders  is  that  the  fielders 
should  not  interfere  with  each  other.  Go  for  the 
ball  if  you  have  any  kind  of  a  chance  to  get  it, 
and  if  you  are  reasonably  sure  you  can  handle  it, 
announce  the  fact  as  you  are  running.  If  not, 
it  is  just  as  well  to  call  to  any  of  the  other  fielders 
who  may  be  going  for  it,  "You  take  it !" 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 65 

This  not  only  prevents  confusion,  but  prevents 
the  possibility  of  the  ball  dropping  uncaught  be- 
tween two  players,  which  has  been  known  to  oc- 
cur. 

A  good  fielder  will  know  as  soon  as  a  ball  is 
hit  just  about  where  it  will  go,  especially  if  it  is 
a  long  fly ;  and  if  he  is  a  good  man,  and  he  judges 
the  fly  will  go  over  him,  he  will  not  keep  backing 
and  stumbling,  but  he  will  instantly  gauge  it,  and, 
turning  his  back  on  it,  will  run  to  the  place  where 
he  expects  it  will  land.  Here  is  where  speed 
comes  in,  for  the  sooner  he  reaches  the  desired 
point  the  more  time  he  will  have  to  get  directly 
under  it  in  its  drop. 

But  such  work  as  this  can  come  only  from 
long  practice.  It  is  worth  the  while  in  the  end, 
and  it  will  more  than  repay  the  ambitious  ball 
player.  Of  course,  it  is  easier  to  run  in  for  a  ball 
than  out  for  it,  but  batters  do  not  hit  a  ball  to  be 
caught,  and  the  conscientious  fielder  will  find  that 
there  is  plenty  of  work  cut  out  for  him. 

In  fielding  a  grounder,  don't  wait  until  it  comes 
to  you,  but  go  after  it,  and  get  it,  if  possible,  on 
a  short  bound. 

Always  back  up  the  play  of  another  fielder.  No 
man  is  infallible,  and  he  is  liable  to  miss  a  ball; 
but  with  two  men  the  chances  of  missing  are  mini- 
mized, and  besides,  it  will  serve  to  make  the  run- 
ners stick  to  their  bases  a  little  closer. 


66 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


- 


Another  thing:  a  man  who  is  backed  up  will 
have  more  confidence  in  his  work. 

Good  support  is  invaluable  in  every  part  of  the 
game  of  baseball. 

Help  each  other,  and  remember,  again,  that  good 
team  work  will  tell  in  the  long  run. 


RULES. 


Rule  1.  The  Ball  Ground. 

The  ball  ground  must  be  enclosed.  To  obviate  the 
necessity  for  ground  rules,  the  shortest  distance  from  a 
fence  or  stand  on  fair  territory  to  the  home  base  should 
be  235  feet  and  from  home  base  to  the  grandstand 
90  feet. 
Rule  2.  To  Lay  Off  the  Field.  . 

To  lay  off  the  lines  defining  the  location  of  the  several 
bases,  the  catcher's  and  the  pitcher's  position  and  to 
establish  the  boundaries  required  in  playing  the  game  of 
baseball,  proceed  as  follows: 

Diamond    or  Infield. 

From  a  point,  A,  within  the  grounds,  project  a 
straight  line  out  into  the  field,  and  at  a  point,  B,  154  feet 
from  point  A,  lay  off  lines  B  C  and  B  D  at  right  angles 
to  the  line  A  B;  then,  with  B  as  a  center  and  63.63945 
feet  as  a  radius,  describe  arcs  cutting  the  lines  B  A  at  F 
and  B  C  at  G,  B  D  at  H  and  B  E  at  I.  Draw  lines 
F  G,  G  E,  E  H,  and  H  F,  which  said  lines  shall  be  the 
containing  lines  of  the  Diamond  or  Infield. 

Rule  3.  The    Catcher's    Lines. 

With  F  as  a  center  and  10  feet  radius,  describe  an  arc 
cutting  line  F  A  at  L,  and  draw  lines  L  M  and  L  O  at 
right  angles  to  F  A,  and  continue  same  out  from  F  A 
not  less  than  10  feet. 

Rule  4.  The    Foul    Lines. 

From  the  intersection  point,  F,  continue  the  straight 
lines  F  G  and  F  H  until  they  intersect  the  lines  L  M 
and  L  O,  and  then  from  the  points  G  and  H  in  the  oppo- 
site direction  until  they  reach  the  boundary  lines  of  the 
ground,  and  said  lines  shall  be  clearly  visible  from  any 
part  of  the  diamond  and  no  wood  or  other  hard  sub- 
stance shall  be  used  in  the  construction  of  said  lines. 


68  SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 

Bale  5.  The  Players'  lanes. 

With  F  as  center  and  50  foot  radius,  describe  arcs 
cutting  lines  F  O  and  F  M  at  P  and  Q ;  then,  with  F 
as  center  again  and  75  feet  radius,  describe  arcs  cutting 
F  G  and  F  H  at  R  and  S ;  then,  from  the  points  P,  Q, 
R  and  S  draw  lines  at  right  angles  to  the  lines  F  O, 
F  M,  F  G  and  F  H,  and  continue  the  same  until  they 
intersect  at  the  points  T  and  W. 

Rule  6.  The  Coacher's  Lines. 

With  R  and  S  as  centers  and  15  feet  radius,  describe 
arcs  cutting  the  lines  R  W  and  S  T  at  X  and  Y,  and 
from  the  points  X  and  Y  draw  lines  parallel  with  the 
lines  F  H  and  F  G,  and  continue  same  out  to  the  boun- 
dary lines  of  the  ground. 

Bole  7.  The  Three-foot  Line. 

With  F  as  a  center  and  45  feet  radius,  describe  an  arc 
cutting  the  line  F  G  at  I,  and  from  I  to  the  distance  of 
three  feet  draw  a  line  at  right  angles  to  F  G,  and 
marked  point  2 ;  then  from  point  2,  draw  a  line  parallel 
with  the  line  F  G  to  a  point  three  feet  beyond  the  point 
G,  marked  3 ;  then  from  the  point  3  draw  a  line  at  right 
angles  to  line  2,  3,  back  to  and  intersecting  with  F  G, 
and  from  thence  back  along  the  line  G  F  to  point  I. 

Rule  8.  The  Batsman's  Lines. 

On  either  side  of  the  line  A  F  B  describe  two  paral- 
lelograms six  feet  long  and  four  feet  wide  (marked  8 
and  9),  their  longest  side  being  parallel  with  the  line 
A  F  B,  their  distance  apart  being  six  inches  added  to 
each  end  of  the  length  of  the  diagonal  of  the  square 
within  the  angle  F,  and  the  center  of  their  length  being 
on  said  diagonal. 

Rule  9.  The  Pitcher's  Plate. 

SECTION  I.  With  point  F  as  center  and  60.5  feet  as 
radius,  describe  an  arc  cutting  the  line  F  B  at  line  4, 
and  draw  a  line  5,  6,  passing  through  point  4  and  ex- 
tending 12  inches  on  either  side  of  line  F  B ;  then  with 
line  5,  6,  as  a  side,  describe  a  parallelogram  24  inches 
by  6  inches,  in  which  shall  be  located  the  pitcher's  plate. 

SEC.  2.  The  pitcher's  plate  shall  not  be  more  than  15 
inches  higher  than  the  base  lines  or  the  home  plate, 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL  -    69 

which  shall  be  level  with  the  surface  of  the  field,  and 
the  slope  from  the  pitcher's  plate  to  every  base  line  and 
the  home  plate  shall  be  gradual. 

Rule  10.  The  Bases. 

SECTION  I.  Within  the  angle  F,  describe  a  five-sided 
figure,  two  of  the  sides  of  which  shall  coincide  with  the 
lines  F  G  and  F  H  to  the  extent  of  12  inches  each, 
thence  parallel  with  the  line  F  B  8^2,  inches  to  the  points 
X  and  Y,  a  straight  line  between  which,  17  inches,  will 
form  the  front  of  the  home  base  or  plate. 

SEC.  2.  Within  the  angles  ^at  G,  I  and  H  describe 
squares,  whose  sides  are  15  inches  in  length,  two  of 
such  sides  of  which  squares  shall  lie  along  the  lines  F 
G  and  G  I,  G  I  and  I  H,  I  H,  and  H  F,  which  squares 
shall  be  the  location  of  the  first,  second  and  third  bases 
respectively. 

Rule  11. 

The  Home  Base  at  F  and  the  Pitcher's  Plate  at  4 
must  each  be  of  whitened  rubber,  and  so  fixed  in  the 
ground  as  to  be  even  with  its  surface. 

Rule  12. 

The  First  Base  at  G,  the  Second  Base  at  E,  and  the 
Third   Base   at   H   must   each  be  a   white  canvas  bag 
filled  with  soft  material  and  securely  fastened  in  place 
at  the  point  specified  in  Rule  10. 
Rule  13. 

The  lines  described  in  Rules  3,  4  5,  6,  7  and  S  must 
be  marked  with  lime,  chalk  or  other  white  material, 
easily  distinguishable  from  the  ground  or  grass. 

Rule  14.  The   Ball. 

SECTION"  i.  The  ball  must  weigh  not  less  than  five  nor 
more  than  five  and  one  quarter  ounces  avoirdupois,  and 
measure  not  less  than  nine  nor  more  than  nine  and  one-quar- 
ter inches  in  circumference.  A  league  ball  must  be  used  in 
all  games  played  under  these  rules. 


70  SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 

SEC.  2.  Two  regulation  balls  of  the  make  adopted  by 
the  league  of  which  the  contesting  clubs  are  members 
shall  be  delivered  by  the  home  club  to  the  umpire  at  or 
before  the  hour  for  the  commencement  of  a  champion- 
ship game.  If  the  ball  placed  in  play  be  batted  or 
thrown  out  of  the  grounds  or  into  one  of  the  stands  for 
spectators  or,  in  the  judgment  of  the  umpire,  becomes 
unfit  for  play  from  any  cause,  the  umpire  shall  at  once 
deliver  the  alternate  ball  to  the  pitcher  and  another  legal 
ball  shall  be  supplied  to  him,  so  that  he  shall  at  all 
times  have  in  his  control  one  or  more  alternate  balls. 
Provided,  however,  that  all  balls  batted  or  thrown  out 
of  the  ground  or  into  a  stand  for  spectators  until  the 
the  field  be  given  into  the  custody  of  the  umpire  imme- 
diately and  become  alternate  balls,  and  so  long  as  he 
has  in  his  possession  two  or  more  alternate  balls,  he 
shall  not  call  for  a  new  ball  to  replace  one  that  has 
gone  out  of  play.  The  alternate  balls  'shall  become  the 
ball  in  play  in  the  order  in  which  they  were  delivered 
to  the  umpire. 

(SEC.  3.  Immediately  upon  the  delivery  to  him  of  the 
alternate  ball  by  the  umpire,  the  pitcher  shall  take  his 
position  and  on  the  call  of  "Play,"  by  the  umpire,  it 
shall  become  the  ball  in  play.  Provided,  however,  that 
play  shall  not  be  resumed  with  the  alternate  ball  when 
a  fair  batted  ball  or  a  ball  thrown  by  a  fielder  goes  out 
of  the  ground  or  into  a  stand  for  spectators  until  the 
base-runners  have/  completed  the  circuit  of  the  bases 
unless-  compelled  to  stop  at  second  or  third  base,  in 
compliance  with  a  ground  rule. 

Discolored  or  Damaged  Balls. 

SEC.  4.  In  the  event  of  a  ball  being  intentionally 
discolored  by  rubbing  it  with  the  soil  or  otherwise  by 
any  player  or  otherwise  damaged  by 

any  player,  the  umpire  shall  forthwith  demand  the  re- 
turn of  the  ball  and  substitute  for  it  another  legal  ball 
as  hereinbefore  described;  and  impose  a  fine  of  five 
dollars  upon  the  offending  player. 

Home    Club    to   Provide   Balls. 

SEC.  5.  In  every  game  the  balls  played  with  shall  be 
furnished  by  the  home  club,  and  the  last  in  play  shall 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL  71 

become  the  property  of  the  winning  cluh.  Each  ball 
shall  be  enclosed  in  a  paper  box,  which  must  be  sealed 
with  the  seal  of  the  President  of  the  League  and  bear 
his  certificate  that  he  has  examined,  measured  and 
weighed  the  ball  contained  therein,  and  that  it  is  of  the 
required  standard  in  all  respects.  The  seal  shall  not  be 
broken  by  the  umpire  except  in  the  presence  of  the 
captains  of,  the  contesting  teams  after  "Play"  has  been 
called. 

Reserve  Balls  on  Field. 

SEC.  6.  The  home  club  shall  have  at  least  a  dozen 
regulation  balls  on  the  field  during  each  championship 
game,  ready  for  use  on  the  call  of  the  umpire. 

Rule  15.  The   Bat. 

The  bat  must  be  round,  not  over  two  and  three- 
fourths  inches  in  diameter  at  the  thickest  part,  nor 
more  than  42  inches  in  length  and  entirely  of  hardwood, 
except  that  for  a  distance  of  18  inches  from  the  end 
twine  may  be  wound  or  a  granulated  substance  applied 
to  the  handle.  e 

Rule  16.       Number  of  Players  in  a  Game. 

The  players  of  each  club  actively  engaged  in  a  game 
at  one  time  shall  be  nine  in  number,  one  of  whom  shall 
act  as  captain ;  and  in  no  case  shall  more  or  less  than 
nine  men  be  allowed  to  play  on  a  side  in  a  game. 

Rule  17.  Positions  of  the  Players. 

The  players  of  the  team  not  at  bat  may  be  stationed 
at  any  points  of  the  field  on  fair  ground  their  captain 
may  elect,  regardless  of  their  respective  positions,  ex- 
cept that  the  pitcher,  while  in  the  act  of  delivering  the 
ball  to  the  bat,  must  take  his  position  as  defined  in 
Rules  9  and  30;  and  the  catcher  must  be  within  the 
lines  of  his  position  a's  defined  in  Rule  3  and  within  10 
feet  of  home  base,  whenever  the  pitcher  delivers  the 
ball  to  the  bat. 

Rule  18.     Must  Not  Mingle  with  Spectators. 

Players  in  uniform  shall  not  be  permitted  to  occupy 
seats  in  the  stands,  or  to  mingle  with  the  spectators. 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 


- 


Rule  19.  Uniforms  of  Players. 

Every  club  shall  adopt  two  uniforms  for  its  players, 
one  to  be  worn  in  games  at  home  and  the  other  in 
games  abroad,  and  the  suits  of  each  of  the  uniforms  of 
a  team  shall  conform  in  color  and  style.  No  player 
who  shall  attach  anything  to  the  sole  or  heel  of  his 
shoe  other  than  the  ordinary  baseball  shoe  plate,  or 
who  shall  appear  in  a  uniform  not  conforming  to  the 
•suits  of  the  other  members  of  his  team,  shall  be  per- 
mitted to 


Rule  20.  Size  and  Weight  of  Gloves. 

The  catcher  or  first  baseman  may  wear  a  glove  or 
mitt  of  any  size,  shape  or  weight.  Every  other  player 
is  restricted  to  the"  use  of  a  glove  or  mitt  weighing 
not  over  10  ounces  and  not  over  14  inches  around  the 
palm. 

Rule  21.  Players'   Benches. 

SECTION  I.  Players'  benches  must  be  furnished  by 
the  home  club  and  placed  upon  a  portion  of  the  ground 
not  less  than  twenty-five  (25)  feet  outside  of  the  play- 
ers' lines.  One  such  bench  shall  be  for  the  exclusive 
use  of  the  visiting  team  and  the  other  for  the  exclusive 
use  of  the  home  team.  Each  bench  must  be  covered 
with  a  roof  and  closed  at  'the  back  and  each  end  ;  a 
space,  however,  not  more  than  six  (6)  inches  wide 
may  be  left  under  the  roof  for  ventilation.  All  players 
and  substitutes  of  the  side  at  bat  must  be  seated  on 
their  team's  bench,  except  the  batsman,  base-runners 
and  such  as  are  legally  assigned  to  coach  base-runners. 
Under  no  circumstances  shall  the  umpire  permit  any 
person  except  the  players  and  substitutes  in  uniform 
and  the  manager  of  the  team  to  be  seated  on  the  bench. 

Penalty  for  Violation. 

SEC.  2.  Whenever  the  umpire  observes  a  violation  of 
the  preceding  section  he  shall  immediately  order  such 
player  or  players  as  have  disregarded  it  to  be  seated. 
If  the  order  be  not  obeyed  within  one  minute,  the  of- 
fending players  shall  'be  fined  $5  each  by  the  umpire. 
If  the  order  be  not  obeyed  then  within  one  minute,  the 


SCIENCE     OF      BASEBALL  73 

offending  player  or  players  shall  be  barred  from  further 
participation  in  the  game  and  shall  be  obliged  forthwith 
to  leave  the  playing  field. 

Rule  22.  A    Regulation   Game. 

Every  championship  game  must  be  commenced  not 
later  than  two  hours  before  sunset  and  shall  continue 
until  each  team  has  had  nine  innings,  provided,  how- 
ever, that  the  game  shall  terminate : 

(1)  If    the    side    at   bat    scores    less    runs    in   nine 
innings  than  the  other  side  has  scored  in  eight  innings. 

(2)  If  the  side  last  at  bat  in  the  ninth  inning  scores 
the  winning  run  before  the  third  man  is  out. 

SEC.  3.  If  the  game  be  called  by  the  umpire  on  ac- 
count of  darkness,  rain,  fire,  panic  or  for  other  cause 
which  puts  patrons  or  players  in  peril. 

Rule  23.  Extra-Inning  Game. 

If  the  'score  be  a  tie  at  the  end  of  the  nine  (9)  innings 
for  each  team,  play  shall  be  continued  until  one  side 
has  scored  more  runs  than  the  other  in  an  equal  m 
ber  of  innings,  provided,  that  if  the  side  lastapv»  ^a 
score  the  winning  run  before  the  third  man  Is  out  in 
any  inning  after  the  ninth,  the  game  shall  terminate. 

Rule  24.  Drawn    Games. 

A  drawn  game  shall  be  declared  by  the  umpire  if  the 
score  is  equal  on  the  last  even  inning  played,  when  he 
terminates  play,  in  accordance  with  Rule  22,  Section  3, 
after  five  or  more  equal  innings  have  been  played  by 
each  team.  But  if  the  side  that  went  second  to  bat  is  at 
the  bat  when  the  game  is  terminated,  and  has  scored 
the  same  number  of  runs  as  the  other  side,  the  umpire 
shall  declare  the  game  drawn  without  regard  to  the 
score  of  the  last  equal  inning. 

Rule  25.  Called  Games. 

If  the  umpire  calls  a  game  in  accordance  with  Rule 
22,  Section  3,  at  any  time  after  five  innings  have  been 
completed,  the  score  shall  be  that  of  the  last  equal  in- 
nings played,  except  that  if  the  side  second  at  bat  shall 
have  scored  in  an  unequal  number  of  innings,  or  before 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 


the  completion  of  the  unfinished  inning,  at  least  one 
run  more  than  the  side  first  at  bat,  the  score  of  the 
game  shall  be  the  total  number  of  runs  each  team  has 
made. 

Rule  26.  Forfeited   Games. 

A  forfeited  game  shall"  be  declared  by  the  umpire  in 
favor  of  the  club  not  in  fault  in  the  following  cases : 

SECTION  I.  If  the  team  of  a  club  fail  to  appear  upon 
the  field,  or  being  upon  the  field,  refuse  to  begin  a  game 
for  which  it  is  scheduled  or  assigned,  within  five  min- 
utes after  the  umpire  has  called  "Play"  at  the  hour  for 
the  beginning  of  the  game,  unless  such  delay  in  appear- 
ing, or  in  commencing  the  game,  be  unavoidable. 

SEC.  2.  If,  after  the  game  has  begun,  one  side  refuse 
to  continue  to  play,  unless  the  game  has  been  suspended 
or  terminated  by  the  umpire. 

SEC.  3.  If,  after  play  has  been  suspended  by  the 
umpire,  one  side  fails  to  resume  playing  in  one  minute 
after  the  umpire  has  called  "Play." 

{'  hid'  ^  a  man  ernPl°v'  tactics  palpably  designed  to 
deiit^  <•  .4,j_  game. 

SEC.  5.  If,  after  warning  by  the  umpire,  any  one  of 
the  rules  of  the  game  be  wilfully  and  persistently  vio- 
lated. 

SEC.  6.  If  the  order  for  the  removal  of  a  player,  as 
authorized  by  Rules  21,  58  and  64,  be  not  obeyed  within 
one  minute. 

SEC.  7.  If,  because  of  the  removal  of  players  from 
the  game  by  the  umpire,  or  for  any  cause,  there  be  less 
than  nine  players  on  either  team. 

SEC.  8.  If,  after  the  game  has  been  suspended  on  ac- 
count of  rain,  the  orders  of  the  umpire  be  not  complied 
with  as  required  by  Rule  29. 

SEC.  9.  If,  when  two  games  are  scheduled  to  be 
played  in  one  afternoon,  the  "second  game  be  not  com- 
menced within  ten  minutes  of  the  time  of  the  comple- 
tion of  the  first  game.  The  umpire  of  the  first  game 
shall  be  the  timekeeper. 

SEC.  10.  In  case  the  umpire  declare  the  game  for- 
feited, he  shall  transmit  a  written  report  thereof  to  the 
president  of  the  League  within  twenty-four  hours  there- 
after. However,  a  failure  on  the  part  of  the  umpire 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 


to  so  notify  the  president  shall  not  affect  the'  validity 
of  his  award  of  the  game  by  forfeiture. 

Rule  27.  No  Game. 

"No  game"  shall  be  declared  by  the  umpire  if  he  ter- 
minates play  in  accordance  with  Rule  22,  Section  3, 
before  five  innings  are  completed  by  each  team.  Pro- 
vided, however,  that  if  the  club  second  at  bat  shall  have 
made  more  runs  at  the  end  of  its  fourth  inning  than 
the  club  first  at  bat  has  made  in  five  completed  in- 
nings of  a  game  so  terminated,  the  umpire  shall  award 
the  game  to  the  club  having  made  the  greater  number 
of  runs,  and  it  shall  count  as  a  legal  game  in  the 
championship  record. 

Rule  28.  Substitutes. 

SECTION  i.  Each  side  shall  be  required  to  have  pres- 
ent on  the  field  during  a  championship  game  a  suffi- 
cient number  of  substitute  players  in  uniform,  conform- 
ing to  the  suits  worn  by  their  team-mates,  to  carry  out 
the  provisions  of  this  code  which  requires  that  not  less 
than  nine  players  shall  occupy  the  field  in  any  inning 
of  the  game. 

SEC.  2.  Any  such  substitute  may  at  any  stage  of  the 
game  take  the  place  of  a  player,  whose  names  is  in  his 
team's  batting  order,  but  the  player  whom  he  succeeds 
shall  not  thereafter  participate  in  that  game. 

SEC.  3.  A  base-runner  shall  not  have  another  player 
whose  name  appears  in  the  batting  order  of  his  team  run 
for  him  except  by  the  consent  of  the  captain  of  the 
other  team. 

SEC.  4.  Whenever  one  player  is  substituted  for  an- 
other, whether  as  batsman,  base-runner  or  fielder,  the 
captain  of  the  side  making  the  change  must  immediately 
notify  the  umpire,  who  in  turn  must  announce  the 
same  to  the  spectators.  A  fine  of  $5  shall  be  assessed 
by  the  umpire  against  the  captain  for  each  violation  of 
this  rule,  and  the  President  of  the  League  shall  impose 
a  similar  fine  against  the  umpire  who,  after  having 
•been  notified  of  a  change,  fails  to  make  proper  an- 
nouncement. Play  shall  be  suspended  while  announce- 
ment is  being  made,  and  the  player  substituted  shall 
become  actively  engaged  in  the  game  immediately  upon 
his  captain's  notice  of  the  change  to  the  umpire. 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 


Rule  29.      Choice  of  Innings  —  Fitness  of  Field  for  Play. 

The  choice  of  innings  shall  be  given  to  the  captain 
of  the  home  club,  who  shall  be  the  sole  judge  of  the 
fitness  of  the  ground  for  beginning  a  game  after  a  rain; 
but,  after  play  has  been  called  by  the  umpire,  he  alone 
shall  be  the  judge  as  to  the  fitness  of  the  ground  for 
resuming  play  after  the  game  has  been  suspended  on 
account  of  rain. 


THE   PITCHING   RULES. 


Rule  30.     Delivery    of   the   Ball    to    the   Bat. 

Preliminary  to  pitching,  the  pitcher  shall  take  his 
position  facing  the  batsman  with  'both  feet  squarely  on 
the  ground  and  in  front  of  the  pitcher's  plate ;  and  in 
the  act  of  delivering  the  ball  to  the  bat  he  must  keep 
one  foot  in  contact  with  the  pitcher's  plate  defined  in 
Rule  9.  He  shall  not  raise  either  foot  until  in  the  act 
of  delivering  the  ball  to  the  bat,  nor  make  more  than 
one  step  in  such  delivery. 

Rule  31.  A    Fairly    Delivered    Ball. 

A  fairly  delivered  ball  is  a  ball  pitched  or  thrown  to 
the  bat  by  the  pitcher  while  standing  in  his  position  and 
facing  the  batsman ;  that  passes  over  any  portion  of  the 
home  base  before  touching  the  ground,  not  lower  than 
the  batsman's  knee,  nor  higher  than  his  shoulder.  For 
every  such  fairly  delivered  ball  the  umpire  shall  call 
one  strike. 

Rule  32.  An  Unfairly  Delivered  Ball. 

An  unfairly  delivered  ball  is  a  ball  delivered  to  the 
bat  by  the  pitcher  while  standing  in  his  position  and 
facing  the  batsman,  that  does  not  pass  over  any  portion 
of  the  home  base  between  the  batsman's  'shoulder  and 
knee,  or  that  touches  the  ground  before  passing  home 
base  unless  struck  at  by  the  batsman,  or,  with  the  bases 
occupied  any  ball  delivered  by  the  pitcher  while  either 
foot  is  not  in  contact  with  the  pitcher's  plate.  For 
every  unfairly  delivered  ball  the  umpire  'shall  call  one 
ball.  A  ball  that  hits  the  ground  in  front  of  the  plate 
is  not  a  strike  under  any  circumstances. 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL  77 

(NOTE. — If,  with  any  of  the  bases  occupied,  the  pitcher 
delivers  the  ball  while  either  foot  is  not  in  contact  with 
the  pitcher's  plate,  as  required  by  Rule  30,  the  "Balk" 
rule  applies.) 

Rule  33.  Delaying  the  Game. 

SECTION  I.  If,  after  the  batsman  be  standing  in  his 
proper  position  ready  to  strike  at  a  pitched  ball,  the  ball 
be  thrown  by  the  pitcher  to  any  player  other  than  the 
catcher  when  in  the  catch's  lines  and  within  10  feet  of 
the  home  base  (except  in  an  attempt  to  retire  a  base- 
runner),  each  ball  so  thrown  shall  be  called  a  ball. 

SEC.  2.  The  umpire  shall  call  a  ball  on  the  pitcher 
each  time  he  delays  the  game  by  failing  to  deliver  the 
ball  to  the  batsman  for  a  longer  period  than  20  seconds, 
excepting  that  at  the  commencement  of  each  inning, 
or  when  a  pitcher  relieves  another,  he  may  occupy  one 
minute  in  delivering  not  to  exceed  five  balls  to  catcher 
or  infielder,  during  which  time  play  shall  be  suspended. 

SEC.  3.  In  event  of  the  pitcher  being  taken  from  the 
game  by  either  manager  or  captain  the  player  'substi- 
tuted for  him  shall  continue  to  pitch  until  the  batsman 
then  at  bat  has  either  been  put  out  or  has  reached  first 
base. 

Rule  34.  Balking. 

A  balk  shall  be : 

SECTION  i.  Any  motion  made  by  the  pitcher  while 
in  position  to  deliver  the  ball  to  the  bat  without  deliver- 
ing it,  or  to  throw  to  first  base  when  occupied  by  a  base- 
runner,  without  completing  the  throw. 

SEC.  2.  Throwing  the  ball  by  the  pitcher  to  any  base 
to  catch  the  base-runner  without  stepping  directly  to- 
ward such  base,  in  the  act  of  making  'such  throw. 

SEC.  3.  Any  delivery  of  the  ball  to  the  bat  by  the 
pitcher  while  either  foot  is  back  of  the  pitcher's  plate. 

SEC.  4.  Any  delivery  of  the  ball  to  the  bat  by  the 
pitcher,  while  he  is  not  facing  the  batsman. 

SEC.  5.  Any  motion  in  delivering  the  ball  to  the  bat 
by  pitcher  while  not  in  position  defined  by  Rule  30. 

SEC.  6.  Holding  of  the  ball  by  the  pitcher,  so  long 
as,  in  the  opinion  of  the  umpire,  to  unnecessarily  delay 
the  game. 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 

SKC.  /.  Making  any  motion  to  pitch  while  standing 
in  his  position  without  having  the  hall  in  his  possession. 

SEC.  8.  Making  any  motion  of  the  arm,  shoulder,  hip 
or  body  the  pitcher  habitually  makes  in  his  method  of 
delivery,  without  immediately  delivering  the  ball  to 
the  bat. 

SEC.  9.  Delivery  of  the  ball  to  the  bat  when  the 
catcher  is  standing  outside  the  lines  of  the  catcher's 
position  as  defined  in  Rule  3. 

If  the  pitcher  shall  fail  to  comply  with  the  require- 
ments of  any  'section  of  this  rule,  the  umpire  shall  call 
a  "balk." 


Rule  35.  Dead    Ball. 

A    dead  ball   is   a  ball   delivered  to  the  bat   by   the 
pitcher,  not  struck  at  by  the  batsman,  that  touches  any 
part   of  the  batsman's   person  or   clothing  while   he   is 
standing   in   his  position. 
Rule  36.  Ball    Not    in    Play. 

In  case  of  an  illegally  batted  ball,  a  balk  foul  strike, 
foul,  hit  ball  not  legally  caught,  interference  with  the 
fielder  or  batsman,  dead  ball,  or  a  fair  hit  ball,  striking 
a  ba'se-runner  or  umpire  before  touching  a  fielder, 
touching  a  base-runner,  the  ball  shall  not  be  considered 
in  play  until  it  be  held  by  the  pitcher  standing  in  his 
position,  and  the  umpire  shall  have  called  "Play." 

Rule  37.  Block  Balls. 

SECTION  i.  A  block  is  a  batted  or  thrown  ball  that  is 
touched,  stopped  or  handled  by  a  person  not  engaged  in 
the  game. 

SEC.  2.  Whenever  a  block  occurs  the  umpire  shall 
declare  it,  and  base-runners  may  run  the  bases  without 
liability  to  be  put  out  until  the  ball  has  been  returned  to 
and  held  by  the  pitcher  in  his  position. 

SEC.  3.  If  the  person  not  engaged  in  the  game  should 
retain  possession  of  a  blocked  ball,  or  throw  or  kick  it 
beyond  the  reach  of  the  fielders,  the  umpire  shall  call 
"Time"  and  require  each  base-runner  to  stop  at  the  base 
last  touched  by  him  until  the  ball  be  returned  to  the 
pitcher  in  his  position  and  the  umpire  shall  have  called 
"Play." 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 

THE  BATTING  RULES. 


Rule  38.  The    Batsman's    Position. 

Each  player  of  the  side  at  bat  shall  become  the  bats- 
man and  must  take  his  position  within  the  batsman's 
lines  (as  defined  in  Rule  18)  in  the  order  that  his 
name  appears  in  his  team's  batting  list. 

Rule  39.  The  Order  of  Batting;. 

The  batting  order  of  each  team  must  be  on  the  score 
card  and  must  be  delivered  before  the  game  by  its 
captain  to  the  umpire  at  the  home  plate,  who  shall 
submit  it  to  the  inspection  of  the  captain  of  the  other 
side.  The  batting  order  delivered  to  the  umpire  must 
be  followed  throughout  the  game,  unless  a  player  be 
substituted  for  another,  in  which  case  the  substitute 
must  take  the  place  in  the  batting  order  of.  the  retired 
player. 

SEC.  2.  When  the  umpire  announces  the  pitcher  prior 
to  commencement  of  the  game,  the  player  announced 
must  pitch  until  the  first  batsman  has  either  been  put 
out  or  has  reached  first  base. 

Rule  40.     The  First  Batsman   in   an   Inning;. 

After  the  first  inning  the  first  striker  in  each  inning 
shall  be  the  batsman  whose  name  follows  that  of  the 
last  man  who  completed  his  "time  at  bat"  in  the  pre- 
ceding inning. 

Rule  41.  Players  Belong  on  Bench. 

When  a  side  goes  to  the  bat  its  players  must  imme- 
diately seat  themselves  on  the  bench  assigned  to  them 
as  defined  in  Rule  21,  and  remain  there  until  their  side 
is  put  out,  except  when  called  to  the  bat  or  to  act  as 
coachers  or  substitute  base-runners. 

Rule  42.     Reserved  for  Umpire,  Catcher  and  Batsman. 

No  player  of  the  side  "at  bat,"  except  the  batsman, 
shall  occupy  any  portion  of  the  space  within  the 
catcher's  lines  as  defined  in  Rule  3.  The  triangular 
space  back  of  the  home  base  is  reserved  for  the  ex- 
clusive use  of  the  umpire,  catcher  and  batsman,  and  the 
umpire  must  prohibit  any  player  of  the  side  "at  bat" 
from  cro'ssing  the  same  at  any  time  while  the  ball  is  in 


So  SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 

the  hands  of  the  pitcher  or  catcher  or  passing  between 
them  while  standing  in  their  positions. 
Rule  43.  Fielder   Has   Right   of   Way. 

The  players  of  the  side  at  bat  must  speedily  abandon 
their  bench  and  hasten  to  another  part  of  the  field  when 
by  remaining  upon  or  near  it  they  or  any  of  them  would 
interfere  with  a  fielder  in  an  attempt  to  catch  or  handle 
a  thrown  or  a  batted  ball. 

Rule  44.  A  Fair  Hit. 

A  fair  hit  is  a  legally  batted  ball  that  settles  on  fair 
ground  between  home  and  first  base  or  between  home 
and  third  base  or  that  is  on  fair  ground  when  bounding 
to  the  outfield  past  first  or  third  base,  or  that  first  falls 
on  fair  territory  beyond  first  or  third  base  or  that 
touches  the  person  of  the  umpire  or  a  player  while  on 
or  over  fair  ground. 

.Rule  45.  A  Foul  Hit. 

"V  A  foul  hit  is  a  legally  batted  ball  that  settles  on  foul 
territory  between  home  and  first  'base  or  home  and 
third  base,  or  that  bounds  past  first  or  third  base  on 
foul  territory  or  that  falls  on  foul  territory  beyond  first 
or  third  base  or  while  on  or  over  foul  ground  touches 
the  person  of  the  umpire  or  a  player. 

Rule  46.  A  Foul  Tip. 

A  foul  tip  is  a  ball  batted  by  the  batsman  while 
standing  within  the  lines  of  his  position,  that  goes  sharp 
and  direct  from  the  bat  to  the  catcher's  hands  and  is 
legally  caught. 

Rule  47.  A  Bunt  Hit. 

A.  bunt  hit  is  a  legally  batted  ball  not  swung  at  but 
met  with  the  bat  and  tapped  slowly  within  the  infield 
by  the  batsman.  If  the  attempted  bunt  results  in  a  foul 
not  legally  caught  a  strike  shall  be  called  by  the  umpire. 

Rule  48.     Balls   Batted    Outside   the   Ground. 

SECTION  i.  When  a  batted  ball  passes  outside  the 
ground  or  into  a  stand  the  umpire  shall  decide  it  fair 
or  foul  according  to  whether  the  point  at  which  it 
leaves  the  playing  field  is  on  fair  or  foul  territory. 

SEC.  2.  A  fair  batted  ball  that  goes  over  the  fence  or 
into  a  stand  shall  entitle  the  batsman  to  a  home  run 


SCIENCE      Or      BASEBALL  81 

unless  it  should  pass  out  of  the  ground  or  into  a  stand 
at  a  less  distance  than  two  hundred  and  thirty-five 
(235)  feet  from  the  home  base,  in  which  case  the  bats- 
man shall  be  entitled  to  two  bases  only.  The  point  at 
which  a  fence  or  stand  is  less  than  235  feet  from  the 
home  base  shall  be  plainly  indicated  by  a  white  or  black 
sign  or  mark  for  the  umpire's  guidance. 

Rule  49.  Strikes. 

A   strike   is : 

SECTION  i.  A  pitched  ball  struck  at  by  the  batsman 
without  its  touching  his  bat;  or, 

SEC.  2.  A  fair  ball  legally  delivered  by  the  pitcher 
at  which  the  batsman  dees  not  strike. 

SEC.  3.  A  foul  hit  ball  not  caught  on  the  fly  unless 
the  batsman  has  two  strikes. 

SEC.  4.  An  attempt  to  bunt  which  results  in  a  fotjl 
legally  caught. 

SEC.  5.  A  pitched  ball,  at  which  the  batsman  strikes 
but  misses  and  which  touches  any  part  of  his  person. 

SEC.  6.  A  foul  tip,  held  by  the  catcher,  while  stand- 
ing within  the  lines  of  his  position. 

Rule  50.  Foul  Strike. 

An  illegally  batted  ball  is  a  ball  batted  by  the  bats- 
rrrn  when  either  or  both  of  his  feet  is  uppn  the  ground 
outside  the  lines  of  the  batsman's  position. 

Rule  51.  "When  Batsman   Is   Out. 

The  batsman   is   out : 

SECTION  i.  If  he  fails  to  take  his  position  at  the  bat 
in  the  order  in  which  his  name  appears  on  the  batting 
list  unless  the  error  be  discovered  and  the  proper  bats- 
man replace  him  before  he  becomes  a  base-runner,  in 
which  case  the  balls  and  strikes  called  must  be  counted 
in  the  time  "at  bat"  of  the  proper  batsman.  But  only 
the  proper  batsman  shall  be  declared  out,  and  no  runs 
shall  be  scored  or  bases  run  because  of  any  act  of  the 
improper  batsman.  Provided,  this  rule  shall  not  be  en- 
forced unless  the  out  be  declared  before  the  ball  be  de- 
livered to  the  succeeding  batsman.  Should  the  bats- 
man declared  out  under  this  section  be  the  third  hand 
out.  and  his  'side  be  thereby  put  out,  the  proper  bats- 
man in  the  next  inning  shall  be  the  player  who  would 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 


have  come  to  bat  had  the  players  been  put  out  by  ordi- 
nary play  in  the  preceding  inning. 

SEC.  2.  If  he  fail  to  take  his  position  within  one 
minute  after  the  umpire  has  called  for  the  batsman. 

SEC.  3.  If  he  make  a  foul  hit  other  than  a  foul  tip, 
as  defned  in  Rule  46,  and  the  ball  be  momentarily  held 
by  a  fielder  before  touching  the  ground ;  provided,  it 
be  not  caught  in  a  fielder's  cap,  protector,  pocket  or 
other  part  of  his  uniform,  or  strike  some  object  other 
than  a  fielder  before  being  caught. 

SEC.  4.  If  he  bat  the  ball  illegally,  as  defined  in 
Rule  50. 

SEC.  5.  If  he  attempt  to  hinder  the  catcher  from 
fielding  or  throwing  the  ball  by  -stepping  outside  the 
lines  of  the  batsman's  position,  or  in  any  way  obstruct- 
ing or  interfering  with  that  player. 

^SEC.  6.  If,  while  first  base  be  occupied  by  a  base-run- 
ner, the  third  strike  be  called  on  him  by  the  umpire, 
unless  two  men  are  already  out. 

\  SEC.  7.  If,  while  attempting  a  third  strike,  the  ball 
uouch  any  part  of  the  batsman's  person,  in  which  case 
Wse-runners  occupying  bases  shall  not  advance,  as  pre- 
scribed in  Rule  55,  Section  5. 

SEC.  8.  If,  before  two  hands  are  out,  while  first  and 
second,  or  first,  second  and  third  bases  are  occupied,  he 
hit  a  fly  ball,  other  than  a  line  drive,  that  can  be  handled 
by  an  infielder.  In  such  case  the  umpire  shall,  as  soon 
as  the  ball  be  hit,  declare  it  an  infield  or  outfield  hit. 

SEC.  9.  If  the  third  strike  be  called  in  accordance 
with  Rule  49,  Section  5. 


Batsman  Must   Obey  Call. 

SEC.  10.  The  moment  a  batsman's  term  at  bat  ends, 
the  umpire  shall  call  for  the  batsman  next  in  order  to 
leave  his  seat  on  the  bench  and  take  his  position  at  the 
bat,  and  no  player  of  the  batting  side  shall  leave  his 
seat  on  the  bench  until  so  called,  except  to  become  a 
coacher  or  substitute,  base  runner,  to  take  the  place 
of  a  player  on  his  team's  batting  list  to  comply  with 
the  umpire's  order.  The  batsman  shall  be  declared  out 
if  he  steps  from  one  batsman's  box  to  the  other  while 
the  pitcher  is  in  his  position  and  ready  to  pitch. 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 

BASE-RUNNING  RULES. 


Rule  52.  Legal  Order  of  Bases. 

The  Base  Runner  must  touch  each  base  in  legal  order, 
viz.,  First,  Second,  Third  and  Home  Bases ;  and  when 
obliged  to  return  while  the  ball  is  in  play,  must  retouch 
the  base  or  bases  in  reverse  order.  He  can  only  acquire 
the  right  to  a  'base  by  touching  it,  before  having  been 
put  out,  and  shall  then  be  entitled  to  hold  such  base 
until  he  has  legally  touched  the  next  base  in  order,  or 
has  been  legally  forced  to  vacate  it  for  a  succeeding 
base  runner.  However,  no  base  runner  shall  score  a 
run  to  count  in  the  game  ahead  of  the  base  runner  pre- 
ceding him  in  the  batting  order,  if  there  be  such  pre- 
ceding base  runner  who  has  not  been  put  out  in  that 
inning. 

Rule  53.    When  the  Batsman  Becomes  a  Base  Runner. 

The  batsman  becomes  a  base  runner : 

SECTION  I.     Instantly  after  he  makes  a  fair  hit. 

SEC.  2.  Instantly  after  "Four  Balls"  have  been  called 
by  the  umpire. 

SEC.  3.  Instantly  after  "Three  iStrikes"  have  bee'n  de- 
clared by  the  umpire. 

SEC.  4.  If,  without  making  any  attempt  to  strike  at 
the  ball,  his  person  or  clothing  be  hit  by  a  pitched  ball 
unless,  in  the  opinion  of  the  umpire,  he  plainly  makes 
no  effort  to  get  out  of  the  way  of  the  pitched  ball. 

SEC.  5.  If  the  catcher  interfere  with  him  in  or  pre- 
vent him  from  striking  at  a  pitched  ball. 

Rule  54.  Entitled  to  Bases. 

The  base  runner  shall  (be  entitled,  without  liability 
to  be  put  out,  to  advance  a  base  in  the  following  cases: 

SECTION  i.  If,  while  the  batsman,  he  becomes  a  base 
runner  by  reason  of  "four  balls"  or  for  being  hit  by  a 
pitched  ball,  or  for  being  interfered  with  by  the  catcher 
in  striking  at  a  pitched  ball,  or  if  a  fair  ball  strikes  the 
person  or  clothing  of  the  umpire  or  a  base  runner  or  a 
fair  grounder. 

SEC.  2.  If  the  umpire  awards  to  a  succeeding  batsman 
a  base  on  four  balls,  or  for  being  hit  by  a  pitched  ball, 


SCIENCE      Of      BASEBALL 


or  being  interfered  with  by  the  catcher  in  striking  at 
a  pitched  ball  and  the  ba*se  runner  be  thereby  forced  to 
vacate  the  base  held  by  him. 

SEC.  3.     If  the  umpire  call  a  "Balk." 

SEC.  4.  If  a  ball  delivered  by  the  pitcher  pass  the 
catcher  and  touch  any  fence  or  building  within  ninety 
(90)  feet  of  the  home  base. 

SEC.  5.  If  he  be  prevented  from  making  a  base  by 
the  obstruction  of  a  fielder,  unless  the  latter  have  the 
ball,  in  hand  ready  to  touch  the  base  runner. 

SEC.  6.  If  the  fielder  stop  or  catch  a  batted  ball  with 
his  cap,  glove  or  any  part  of  his  uniform,  while  detached 
from  its  proper  place  on  his  person. 

SEC.  7.  If  a  thrown  or  pitched  ball  strike  the  person 
or  clothing  of  any  umpire  on  foul  ground,  the  ball  shall 
be  considered  in  play  and  the  base  runner  or  runners 
shall  be  entitled  to  all  the  bases  they  can  make. 

Rule  55.  Returning  to  Bases. 

The  base  runner  shall  return  to  his  base  without  lia- 
bility to  be  put  out  : 

SECTION  I.  If  the  umpire  declare  any  foul  not  legally 
caught. 

SEC.  2.     If  -the  umpire  declares  an  illegally  batted  ball. 

SEC.  3.  If  the  umpire  declares  a  dead  ball,  unless  it  be 
also  the  fourth  unfair  ball,  and  he  be  thereby  forced  to 
take  the  next  base,  as  provided  in  Rule  54,  Section  2. 

SEC.  4.  If  the  person  or  clothing  of  the  umpire  inter- 
fere with  the  catcher  in  an  attempt  to  throw  or  the  um- 
pire be  struck  by  a  ball  thrown  by  the  catcher  or  other 
fielder  to  intercept  a  base  runner. 

SEC.  5.  If  a  pitched  ball  at  which  the  batsman  strikes, 
but  misses,  touch  any  part  of  the  batsman's  person. 

SEC.  6.  If  the  umpire  be  struck  by  a  fair  hit  ball  be- 
fore touching  a  fielder;  in  which  case  no  base  shall  be 
run  unless  necessitated  by  the  batsman  becoming  a  base 
runner,  and  no  run  shall  be  scored  unless  all  the  bases 
are  occupied. 

SEC.  7.  If  the  umpire  declare  the  batsman  or  another 
base  runner  out  for  interference. 

Rule  56.        When    Base    Runners    Are    Out. 

The  base  runner  is  out  : 

SECTION  i.     If,  after  three  strikes  have  been  declared 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL  85 

against  him  while  the  hatsmaii,  the  third  strike  ball  be 
not  legally  caught,  and  he  plainly  attempts  to  hinder  the 
catcher  from  fielding  the  ball. 

SEC.  2.    If,  after  having  made  a  fair  hit  while  batsman, 

such  fair  hit  ball  be  momentarily  held  by  a  fielder  be- 

.  fore  touching  the  ground   or   any  object  other   than   a 

fielder;  provided,  it  be  not  caught  in  a  fielder's  hat,  cap, 

protector,  pocket  or  other  part  of  his  uniform. 

SEC.  3.  If,  when  the  umpire  has  declarecf  "Three 
Strikes"  on  him  while  the  batsman,  the  third  strike  ball 
be  momentarily  held  by  a  fielder  before  touching  the 
ground ;  provided,  it  be  not  caught  in  a  fielder's  cap, 
protector,  pocket  or  other  part  of  his  uniform,  or  touch 
some  object  other  than  a  fielder  before  being  caught. 

SEC.  4.  If,  after  three  strikes  or  a  fair  hit,  he  be 
touched  with  the  ball  in  the  hand  of  a  fielder  before  he 
shall  have  touched  first  base. 

SEC.  5.  If,  after  three  strikes  or  a  fair  hit,  the  ball  be 
securely  held  by  a  fielder  while  touching  first  base  with 
any  part  of  his  person  before  such  base  runner  touch 
first  base. 

SEC.  6.  If,  in  running  the  last  half  of  the  distance 
from  home  base  to  first  base,  while  the  ball  is  being 
fielded  to  first  base,  he  run  outside  the  three-foot  lines, 
as  defined  in  Rule  7,  unless  he  do  so  to  avoid  a  fielder 
attempting  to  field  a  batted  ball. 

SEC.  7.  If,  in  running  from  first  to  second  'base,  from 
second  to  third  base,  or  from  third  to  home  base,  he  run 
more  than  three  feet  from  a  direct  line  between  a  base 
and  the  next  one  in  regular  or  reverse  order  to  avoid 
being  touched  by  a  ball  in  the  hands  of  a  fielder.  But  in 
case  a  fielder  be  occupying  a  base  runner's  proper  path 
in  attempting  to  field  a  batted  ball,  then  the  base  runner 
shall  run  out  of  direct  line  to  the  next  base  and  behind 
said  fielder  and  shall  not  be  declared  out  for  so  doing.. 

SEC.  8.  If  he  fail  to  avoid  a  fielder  attempting  to 
field  a  batted  ball,  in  the  manner  described  in  sections  6 
and  7  of  this  rule,  or  in  any  V^ay  obstruct  a  fielder  in 
attempting  to  field  a  batted  ball,  or  intentionally  inter- 
fere with  a  thrown  ball ;  provided,  that  if  two  or  more 
fielders  attempt  to  field  a  batted  ball,  and  the  base  run- 
ner come  in  contact  with  one  or  more  of  them,  the  um- 
pire shall  determine  which  fielder  is  entitled  to  the  bene- 
fit of  this  rule,  and  shall  not  decide  the  base  runner  out 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 


for  coming  in  contact  with  a  fielder  other  than  the  one 
the  umpire  determines  to  be  entitled  to  field  such  batted 
ball. 

SEC.  9.  If  at  any  time  while  the  ball  is  in  play,  he  be 
touched  by  the  ball  in  the  hands  of  a  fielder,  unless  some 
part  of  his  person  be  touching  the  base  he  is  entitled  to 
occupy;  provided,  however,  that  the  ball  be  held  by  the 
fielder  after  touching  him,  unless  the  base  runner  delib- 
erately knock  it  out  of  his  hand. 

SEC.  10.  If,  when  a  fair  or  foul  hit  ball  (other  than  a 
foul  tip  as  defined  in  Rule  46)  be  legally  caught  by  a 
fielder,  such  ball  be  legally  held  by  a  fielder  on  the  base 
occupied  -by  the  base  runner  when  such  ball  was  batted, 
or  the  base  runner  be  touched  with  the  ball  in  the  hands 
of  a  fielder,  before  he  retouch  such  base  after  such  fair 
or  foul  hit  ball  was  so  caught;  provided,  that  the  base 
runner  shall  not  be  out  in  such  case,  if  after  the  ball 
was  legally  caught  as  above,  it  be  delivered  to  the  bat 
by  pitcher  before  the  fielder  hold  it  on  said  base,  or 
touch  base  runner  out  with  it;  but  if  base  runner,  in  a- 
tempting  to  reach  a  base,  detach  it  from  its  fastening 
before  being  touched  or  forced  out,  he  shall  be  declared 
safe,. 

SEC.  ii.  If,  when  the  batsman  becomes  a  base  runner, 
the  first  base,  or  the  first  and  second  bases,  or  the  first, 
second  and  third  bases  be  occupied,  any  base  runner  so 
occupying  a  base  shall  cease  to  be  entitled  to  hold  it, 
and  may  be  put  out  at  the  next  'base  in  the  same  manner 
as  in  running  to  first  base,  or  by  being  touched  with  the 
ball  in  the  hands  of  a  fielder  at  any  time  before  any  base 
runner  following  him  in  the  batting  order  be  put  out, 
unless  the  umpire  should  decide  the  hit  of  the  batsman 
to  be  an  infield  fly. 

SEC.  12.  If  a  fair  hit  ball  strike  him  before  touching 
a  fielder,  and,  in  such  case,  no  base  shall  be  run  unless 
necessitated  -by  the  batsman  becoming  a  base  runner, 
but  no  run  shall  be  'scored  or  any  other  base  runner 
put  out  until  the  umpire  puts  the  balj  back  into  play. 

SEC.  13.  If,  when  advancing  bases,  or  forced  to  re- 
turn to  a  base,  while  the  ball  is  in  play,  he  fail  to  touch 
the  intervening  base  or  bases,  if  any,  in  the  regular  or 
reverse  order,  as  the  case  may  be,  he  may  be  put  put  by 
the  ball  being  held  by  a  fielder  on  any  base  he  failed  to 
touch,  or  by  being  touched  by  the  ball  in  the  hands  of  v 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 


fielder  in  the  same  manner  as  in  running  to  first  base; 
provided,  that  the  base  runner  shall  not  be  out  in  such 
case  if  the  ball  be  delivered  to  the  bat  by  the  pitcher  be- 
fore the  fielder  hold  it  on  said  base  or  touch  the  base 
runner  with  it. 

SEC.  14.  If,  when  the  umpire  call  "Play,"  after  the 
suspension  of  a  game,  he  fail  to  return  to  and  touch  the 
base  he  occupied  when  "Time"  was  called  before  touch- 
ing the  next  base ;  provided,  the  base  runner  shall  not  be 
out,  in  'such  case,  if  the  ball  be  delivered  to  the  bat  by 
the  pitcher,  before  the  fielder  hold  it  on  said  base  or 
touch  the  base  runner  with  it. 

SEC.  15.  If  with  one  or  no  one  out  and  a  base  runner 
on  third  base,  the  batsman  interferes  with  a  play  being 
made  at  home  plate. 

SEC.  16.  If  he  pass  a  preceding  base  runner  before 
such  runner  has  been  legally  put  out  he  shall  be  de- 
clared out  immediately  upon  passing  the  preceding  base 


Overrunning  First  Base. 

SEC.  17.  The  base  runner  in  running  to  first  base  may 
overrun  said  base  after  touching  it  in  passing  without 
incurring  liability  to  be  out  for  being  off  said  base, 
provided  he  return  at  once  and  retouch  the  base,  after 
which  he  may  be  put  out  as  at  any  other  base.  If,  after 
overrunning  first  base,  he  turn  in  the  direction  of  or  at- 
tempt to  run  to  second  base,  before  returning  to  first 
base,  he  shall  forfeit  such  exemption  from  liability  to 
be  put  out. 

SEC.  18.  If,  while  third  base  is  occupied,  the  cpacher 
stationed  near  that  base  shall  run  in  the  direction  of 
home  base  or  near  the  base  line  while  a  fielder  is  mak- 
ing or  trying  to  make  a  play  on  a  batted  ball  not  caught 
on  the  fly,  or  on  a  thrown  ball,  and  thereby  draws  a 
throw  to  home  base,  the  base  runner  entitled  to  third 
base  'shall  be  declared  out  by  the  umpire  for  the 
coacher's  interference  with  and  prevention  of  the  legiti- 
mate play.  If  one  base  runner  passes  another  on  the 
paths,  the  runner  so  passing  shall  be  declared  out. 

SEC.  19.  If  one  or  more  members  of  the  team  at  bat 
stand  or  collect  at  or  around  a  base  for  which  a  base 
runner  is  trying,  thereby  confusing  the  fielding  side  and 
adding  to  the  difficuUv'  of  making  such  play,  the  base 


SCIENCE      OP      BASEBALL 


runner  shall  be  declared  out  for  the  interference  of  his 
team-mate  or  team-mates. 

SEC.  20.  If  with  one  or  none  out  and  a  runner  on 
third  -ba'se,  the  batsman  interferes  with  the  catcher, 
the  base  runner  shall  be  declared  out. 

Rule  57.     When  Umpire  Shall  Declare  an  Out. 

The  umpire  shall  declare  the  batsman  or  base  run- 
ner out,  without  waiting  for  an  appeal  for  such  decision, 
in  all  cases  where  such  player  be  put  out  in  accordance 
with  any  of  these  rules,  except  Sections  13  and  17  of 
Rule  56. 

Rule  58.  Coaching  Rules. 

The  coacher  shall  be  restricted  to  coaching  the  base 
runner,  and  then  only  in  words  of  assistance  and  direc- 
tion in  running  bases.  He  'shall  not,  by  words  or  signs, 
incite  or  try  to  incite  the  spectators  to  demonstrations, 
and  shall  not  use  language  which  will  in  any  manner 
refer  to  or  reflect  upon  a  player  of  the  opposite  club, 
the  umpire  or  the  spectators.  Not  more  than  two  coach- 
ers,  who  must  be  players  in  the  uniform  of  the  team  at 
bat,  shall  be  allowed  to  occupy  the  space  between  the 
players'  and  the  coachers'  lines,  one  near  first  and  the 
other  near  third  base,  to  coach  base-runners.  If  there 
be  more  than  the  legal  number  of  coachers  or  this  rule 
be  violated  in  any  respect,  the  umpire  must  order  the 
illegal  coacher  or  coachers  to  the  bench,  and  if  his  order 
be  not  obeyed  within  one  minute,  the  umpire  shall  assess 
a  fine  of  $5.00  against  each  offending  player,  and  upon 
a  repetition  of  the  offense,  the  offending  player  or 
players  shall  be  debarred  from  further  participation  in 
the  game,  and  shall  leave  the  playing  field  forthwith. 

Rule  5J>.  The   Scoring  of  Runs. 

One  run  shall  be  'scored  every  time  a  base-runner, 
after  having  legally  touched  the  first  three  bases,  shall 
legally  touch  the  home  base  before  three  men  are  put 
out;  provided,  however,  that  if  he  reach  home  on  or 
during  a  play  in  which  the  third  man  -be  forced  out  or 
be  put  out  before  reaching  first  base,  a  run  shall  not 
count.  A  force-out  can  be  made  only  when  a  base-run- 
ner legally  loses  the  right  to  the  base  he  occupied  by 
reason  of  the  batsman  becoming  a  base-runner  and  he  is 
thereby  obliged  to  advance  a,§  the  result  of  a  fair  hit 
ball  not  caught  on  the  fly. 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 

UMPIRES  AND  THEIR  DUTIES. 


Rule  60.         Power    to    Enforce    Decisions. 

The  umpire  is  the  representative  of  the  League  and 
as  such  is  authorized  and  required  to  enforce  each  sec- 
tion of  this  code.  He  shall  have  the  power  to  order  a 
player,  captain  or  manager  to  do  or  omit  to  do  any  act 
which  in  his  judgment  is  necessary  to  give  force  and 
effect  to  one  or  all  of  these  rules  and  to  inflict  penalties 
for  violations  of  the  rules  as  hereinafter  prescribed.  In 
order  to  define  their  respective  duties,  the  umpire  judg- 
ing balls  and  strikes  shall  be  designated  as  the  "Umpire- 
in-Chief";  the  umpire  judging  base  decisions  as  the 
"Field  Umpire." 

Rule  61.  The  TImpire-in-Chief. 

SECTION  1.  The  Umpire-in-Chief  shall  take  position 
back  of  the  catcher;  he  shall  have  full  charge  of  and 
be  responsible  for  the  proper  conduct  of  the  game. 
With  exception  of  the  base  decisions  to  be  made  by  the 
Field  Umpire,  the  Umpire-in-Chief  shall  render  all  the 
decisions  that  ordinarily  would  devolve  upon  a  single 
umpire,  and  which  are  prescribed  -for  "the  umpire"  in 
these  Playing  Rules. 

SEC.  2.  He  shall  call  and  count  as  a  "ball"  any  unfair 
ball  delivered  by  the  pitcher  to  the  batsman.  He  shall 
also  call  and  count  as  a  "strike"  any  fairly  delivered 
ball  which  passes  over  any  portion  of  the  home  base, 
and  within  the  batsman's  legal  range  as  defined  in  Rule 
31  whether  struck  at  or  not  by  the  batsman;  or  a  foul 
tip  which  is  caught  by  the  catcher  "standing  within  the 
lines  of  his  position,  within  10  feet  of  the  home  base ; 
or  which,  after  being  struck  at  and  not  hit,  strikes  the 
person  of  the  batsman ;  or  when  the  ball  be  bunted 
foul  by  the  batsman ;  or  any  foul  hit  ball  not  caught  on 
the  fly  unless  the  batsman  has  two  strike's,  provided, 
however,  that  a  pitched  ball  shall  not  be  called  or  count- 
ed a  "'ball"  or  "strike"  by  the  umpire  until  it  has  passed 
the  home  plate. 

SEC.  3.  He  shall  render  base  decisions  in  the  follow- 
ing instances:  (i)  If  the  ball  is  hit  fair  with  a  runner 
on  first,  he  must  go  to  third  base  to  take  a  possible 
decision;  (2)  with  more  than  one  base  occupied,  he 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 


shall  decide  whether  or  not  a  runner  on  third  leaves 
that  base  before  a  fly  ball  is  caught;  (3)  in  case  of  a 
runner  being  caught  between  third  and  home,  when 
more  than  one  base  is  occupied,  he  shall  make  the  de- 
cision on  the  runner  nearest  the  home  plate. 

SEC.  4  The  Umpire-in-Chief  alone  shall  have  author- 
ity to  declare  a  game  forfeited. 

Rule  62.  The    Field    Umpire. 

SECTION  1.  The  Field  Umpire  shall  take  such  posi- 
tions on  the  playing  field  as  in  his  judgment  are  best 
suited  for  the  rendering  of  base  decisions.  He  shall 
render  all  decisions  at  first  base  and  second  base,  and 
all  decisions  at  third  -base  except  those  to  be  made  by 
the  Umpire-in-Chief  in  accordance  with  Cection  3, 

SEC.  2.  He  shall  aid  the  Umpirein-Chief  in  every 
manner  in  enforcing  the  rules  of  the  game  and,  with 
the  exception  of  declaring  a  forfeiture,  shall  have  equal 
authority  with  the  Umpire-in-Chief  in  fining  or  re- 
moving from  the  game  players  who  violate  these  rules. 

Rule  63.     No    Appeal    from    Decisions    Based    on    Urn* 
pire's    Judgment. 

There  shall  be  no  appeal  from  any  decision  of  either 
umpire  on  the  ground  that  he  was  not  correct  in  his 
conclusion  as  to  whether  a  batted  ball  was  fair  or  foul, 
a  base-runner  safe  or  out,  a  pitched  ball  a  strike  or  ball, 
or  on  any  other  play  involving  accuracy  of  judgment, 
and  no  decision  rendered  by  him  'shall  be  reversed,  ex- 
cept that  he  be  convinced  that  it  is  in  violation  of  one 
of  these  rules.  The  captain  shall  alone  have  the  right 
to  protest  against  a  decision  and  seek  its  reversal  on  a 
claim  that  it  is  in  conflict  with  a  section  of  these  rules. 
In  case  the  captain  does  seek  a  reversal  of  a  decision 
based  solely  on  a  point  of  rules,  the  umpire  making  the 
decision  shall,  if  he  is  in  doubt,  ask  his  associate  for 
information  before  acting  on  the  captain's  appeal.  Under 
no  circumstances  shall  either  umpire  criticise  or  inter- 
fere with  a  decision  unless  asked  to  do  so  by  his  asso- 
ciate. 

Rule  64.  Duties    of    Single    Umpire. 

If  but  one  umpire  be  assigned,  his  duties  and  juris- 
diction shall  extend  to  all  points,  and  he  shall  be  per- 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 


mitted  to  take  his  stand  in  any  part  of  the  field  that  in 
his  opinion  will  best  enable  him  to  discharge  his  duties. 

Rule  65.         Must  Not   Question  Decisions. 

Under  no  circumstances  shall  a  captain  or  player  dis- 
pute the  accuracy  of  the  umpire's  judgment  and  decision 
on  a  play. 

Rule  66.       Clubs    Cannot    Change    Umpires. 

.The  umpire  cannot  be  changed  during  a  champion- 
ship game  by  the  consent  of  the  contesting  clubs  unless 
the  official  in  charge  of  the  field  be  incapacitated  from 
service  by  injury  or  illness. 

Rule  67.     Penalties  for  Violation  of  the  Rules. 

SECTION  i.  In  all  cases  of  violation  of  these  rules,  by 
either  player  or  manager,  the  penalty  shall  be  prompt 
removal  of  the  offender  from  the  game  and  grounds, 
followed  by  a  period  of  such  suspension  from  actual 
service  in  the  club  as  the  President  of  the  League  may 
fix.  In  the  event  of  removal  of  player  or  manager  by 
either  umpire,  he  shall  go  direct  to  the  club  house  and 
remain  there  during  progress  of  the  game,  or  leave 
the  grounds ;  and  a  failure  to  do  so  will  warrant  a 
forfeiture  of  the  game  by  the  umpire-in-chief. 

SEC.  2.  The  umpire  shall  assess  a  fine  of  $5  against 
each  offending  player  in  the  following  cases:  (i)  If 
the  player  intentionally  discolor  or  damage  the  ball; 
(2)  if  the  player  fail  to  be  seated  on  his  bench  within 
one  minute  after  ordered  to  do  so  by  the  umpire;  (3) 
if  the  player  violate  the  coaching  rules  and  refuse  to  be 
seated  on  his  bench  within  one  minute  after  ordered  to 
dp  so  by  the  umpire:  (4)  if  the  captain  fail  to  notify 
him  when  one  player  is  substituted  for  another. 

SEC.  3.  In  cases  where  substitute  players  show  their 
disapproval  of  decisions  by  yelling  from  the  bench,  the 
umpire  shall  first  give  warning.  If  the  yelling  continues 
be  shall  fine  each  offender  $10.00,  and  if  the  disturbance 
is  still  persisted  in  he  shall  clear  the  bench  of  all  sub- 
stitute players;  the  captain  of  the  team,  however,  to 
have  the  privilege  of  'sending  to  the  club  house  such 
substitutes  as  are  actually  needed  to  replace  players  in 
the  game. 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 


Rule  68.     Umpire    to    Report    Violations   of   the    Rules. 

The  umpire  shall,  within  twelve  hours  after  fining  or 
removing  a  player  from  the  game,  forward  to  the 
therefor. 

Rule  69. 

Immediately  upon  being  informed  by  the  umpire  that 
a  fine  has  been  imposed  upon  any  manager,  captain  or 
player,  the  President  shall  notify  the  person  so  fined 
and  also  the  club  of  which  he  is  a  member;  and,  in  the 
event  of  the  failure  of  the  person  so  fined  to  pay  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  League  the  amount  of  said  fine  within 
five  days  after  notice,  he  shall  be  debarred  from  par- 
ticipating in  any  championship  game  or  from  sitting  on 
a  player's  bench  during  the  progress  of  a  championship 
game  until  such  fine  be  paid. 

Rule  70. 

When  the  offense  of  the  player  debarred  from  the 

game  be  of  a  flagrant  nature,  such  as  the  use  of  obscene 
language  or  an  assault  upon  a  player  or  umpire,  the 
umpire  shall  within  four  hours  thereafter  forward  to 
President  a  report  of  the  penalty  inflicted  and  the  cause 
the  President  of  the  League  full  particulars. 

Rule  71.  Warning  to   Captains. 

The  umpire  shall  notify  both  captains  before  the 
game,  and  in  the  presence  of  each  other,  that  all  the 
playing  rules  will  be  strictly  and  impartially  enforced, 
and  warn  them  that  failure  on  their  part  to  co-operate 
in  such  enforcement  will  result  in  offenders  being  fined, 
and,  if  necessary  to  preserve  discipline,  debarred  from 
the  game. 

Rule  72.  On   Ground    Rules. 

SECTION  I.  Before  the  commencement  of  a  game  the 
umpire  shall  see  that  the  rules  governing  all  the  ma- 
terials of  the  game  are  strictly  observed. 

SEC.  2.  In  case  of  spectators  overflowing  on  the  play- 
ing field,  the  home  captain  'shall  make  special  ground 
rules  to  cover  balls  batted  or  thrown  into  the  crowd, 
provided  such  rules  be  acceptable  to  the  captain  of  the 
visiting  club.  If  the  latter  object,  then  the  umpire  shall 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL  93 

have  full  authority  to  make  and  enforce  such  special 
rules,  and  he  shall  announce  the  scope  of  same  to  the 
spectators. 

SEC.  3.  In  all  cases  where  there  are  no  spectators  on 
the  playing  field,  and  where  a  thrown  ball  goes  into  a 
stand  for  spectators,  or  over  or  through  any  fence  sur- 
rounding the  playing  field,  or  into  the  players'  bench 
(whether  the  ball  rebounds  into  the  field  or  not),  the 
runner  or  runners  shall  be  entitled  to  two  bases.  The 
umpire  in  awarding  such  bases  'shall  be  governed  by 
the  position  of  the  runner  or  runners  at  the  time  the 
throw  is  made. 

SEC.  4.  The  umpire  shall  also  ascertain  from  the 
home  captain  whether  any  other  special  ground  rules 
are  necessary,  and  if  there  be  he  shall  advise  the  oppos- 
ing captain  of  their  'scope  and  see  that  each  is  duly 
enforced,  provided  they  do  not  conflict  with  any  of 
these  rules  and  are  acceptable  to  the  captain  of  the 
visiting  team. 

Rule  73.  Official  Announcements. 

The  umpire  shall  call  "Play"  *  at  the  hour  appointed 
for  the  beginning  of  a  game,  announce  "Time"  at  its 
legal  interruption  and  declare  ^Game"  at  its  legal  ter- 
mination. Prior  to  the  commencement  of  the  game  he 
shall  announce  the  batteries,  and  during  the  progress  of 
the  game  shall  announce  each  change  of  players.  In 
case  of  an  overflow  crowd,  he  shall  announce  the  spe- 
cial ground  rules  agreed  upon,  and  he  'shall  also  make 
announcement  of  any  agreement  entered  into  by  the 
two  captains  to  stop  play  at  a  specified  hour. 

Rule  74.  Suspension  of  Play. 

The  umpire  shall  suspend  play  for  the  following 
causes : 

1  If  rain  fall  so  heavily  as  in  the  judgment  of  the 
umpire  to  prevent  continuing  the  game,  in  which  case 
he  shall  note  the  time  of  suspension,  and  'should  rain 
fall  continuously  for  thirty  minutes  thereafter  he  shall 
terminate  the  game. 

2  In  case  of  an  accident  which  incapacitates  him  or 
a  player  from  service  in  the  field,  or  in  order  to  remove 
from  the  grounds  any  player  or  spectator  who  has  vio- 


94  SCIENCE      OF     BASEBALL 

lated  the  rules,  or  in  case  of  fire,  panic  or  other  extraor- 
dinary circumstances. 

3.  In  suspending  play  from  any  legal  cause  the  um- 
pire shall  call  "Time";  when  he  calls  "Time,"  play 
shall  be  suspended  until  he  calls  "Play"  again,  and  dur- 
ing the  interim  no  player  shall  be  put  out,  base  be  run 
or  run  be  scored.  "Time"  shall  not  be  called  by  the 
umpire  until  the  ball  be  held  by  the  pitcher  while  stand- 
ing in  his  position. 

Rule  75.  Field  Rules. 

No  person  shall  be  allowed  upon  any  part  of  the  field 
during  the  progress  of  a  game  except  the  players  in 
uniform,  the  manager  of  each  side,  the  umpire,  such 
officers  of  the  law  as  may  be  present  in  uniform,  and 
such  watchmen  of  the  home  club  as  may  be  necessary 
to  preserve  the  peace. 

Rule  76. 

No  manager,  captain  or  player  -shall  address  the  spec- 
tators during  a  game  except  in  reply  to  a  request  for 
information  about  the  progress  or  state  of  the  game 
or  to  give  the  name  of  a  player. 

Rule  77. 

Every  club  shall  furnish  sufficient  police  force  to  pre- 
serve order  upon  its  own  grounds,  and  in  the  event  of  a 
crowd  enteringt  the  field  during  the  progress  of  a  game, 
and  interfering  with  the  play  in  any  manner,  the  visit- 
ing club  may  refuse  to  play  until  the  field  be  cleared. 
If  the  field  be  not  cleared  within  15  minutes  thereafter, 
the  vi-siting  club  may  claim  and  shall  be  entitled  to  the 
game  by  a  score  of  nine  runs  to  none  (no  matter  what 
number  of  innings  has  been  played). 

Rule  78.  General  Definitions. 

"Play"  is  the  order  of  the  umpire  to  begin  the  game 
or  to  resume  it  after  its  suspension. 

Rule  79. 

"Time"  is  the  order  of  the  umpire  to  suspend  play. 
Such  suspension  mtrst  not  extend  beyond  the  day. 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL  95 

Hule   SO. 

"Game"  is  the  announcement  of  the  umpire  that  the 
game  is  terminated. 

Rule  81. 

"An  inning"  is  the  term  at  bat  of  the  nine  players 
representing  a  club  in  a  game  and  is  completed  when 
three  of  such  players  have  been  legally  put  out. 

Rule  82. 

"A  Time  at  Bat"  is  the  term  at  bat  of  a  batsman.  It 
begins  when  he  takes  his  position,  and  continues  until 
he  is  put  out  or  becomes  a  base-runner.  But  a  time  at 
bat  shall  not  be  charged  against  a  batsman  who  is 
awarded  first  base  by  the  umpire  for  being  hit  by  a 
pitched  ball  or  on  called  balls  or  when  he  makes  a 
sacrifice  hit,  or  for  interference  by  the  catcher. 

Rule  83. 

"Legal"  or  "Legally"  signifies  as  required  by  these 
rules. 

Rule    84.  Tlie    Scoring    Rules. 

To  promote  uniformity  in  scoring  championship  games 
the  following  instructions  are  given  and  suggestions 
and  definitions  made  for  the  guidance  of  scorers,  and 
they  are  required  to  make  all  scored  in  accordance 
herewith. 

Rule  85.  The   Batsman's   Record. 

SECTION  I.  The  first  item  in  the  tabulated  score,  after 
the  player'-s  name  and  position,  shall  be  the  number  of 
times  he  has  been  at  bat  during  the  game,  but  the  ex- 
ceptions made  in  Rule  82  must  not  be  included. 

>SEC.  2.  In  the  second  column  shall  be  set  down  the 
runs,  if  any,  made  by  each  player. 

SEC.  3.  In  the  third  column  shall  be  placed  the  first 
base  hits,  if  any,  made  by  each  player. 

The    Scoring    of    Base    Hits. 

SEC.  4.  A  base  hit  shall  be  scored  in  the  following 
cases : 

When  the  ball  from  the  bat  strikes  the  ground  on  or 
within  the  foul  lines  and  out  of  the  reach  of  the  fielders. 


96  SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 

When  a  fair-hit  ball  is  partially  or  wholly  stopped  by 
a  fielder  in  motion,  but  such  player  cannot  recover  him- 
self in  time  to  field  the  ball  to  first  before  the  striker 
reaches  that  base  or  to  force  out  another  base-runner. 

When  the  ball  be  hit  with  such  force  to  an  infielder  or 
pitcher  that  he  cannot  handle  it  in  time  to  put  out  the 
batsman  or  force  out  a  base-runner.  In  a  case  of  doubt 
over  this  class  of  hits,  a  base  hit  should  be  scored  and 
the  fielder  exempted  from  the  charge  of  an  error. 

When  the  ball  is  hit  so  slowly  toward  a  fielder  that  he 
cannot  handle  it  in  time  to  put  out  the  batsman  or  force 
out  a  base-runner. 

In  all  cases  where  a  base-runner  is  retired  by  being 
hit  by  a  batted  ball,  unless  batted  by  himself,  the  bats- 
man should  be  credited  with  a  base  hit. 

When  a  batted  ball  hits  the  person  or  clothing  of  the 
umpire,  as  defined  in  Rule  54,  Section  2. 

In  no  case  shall  a  base  hit  be  scored  when  a  base- 
runner  is  forced  out  by  the  play. 

Sacrifice     Hits. 

SEC.  5.  In  the  fourth  column  shall  be  placed  the  sac- 
rifice hits. 

A  sacrifice  hit  shall  be  credited  to  the  batsman  who, 
when  no  one  is  out  or  when  but  one  man  is  out,  ad- 
vances a  runner  a  base  by  a  bunt  hit,  which  results  in 
the  batsman  being  put  out  before  reaching  first,  or 
would  so  result  if  it  were  handled  without  error. 

Fielding  Records. 

SEC.  6.  A  sacrifice  hit  shall  also  be  credited  to  a 
batsman  who,  when  no  one  is  out  or  when  but  one  man 
is  out,  hits  a  fly  ball  that  is  caught,  but  results  in  a  run 
being  scored.  This  rule  will  produce  higher  batting 
averages  for  the  team  worker  and  is  framed  so  that 
justice  may  be  done  to  the  man  who  works  for  his  side. 

SEC.  7.  The  number  of  times,  if  any,  each  player 
assists  in  putting  out  an  opponent  shall  be  set  down  in 
the  sixth  column.  An  assist  should  be  given  to  each 
player  who  handles  the  ball  in  aiding  in  a  run  out  or 
any  other  play  of  the  kind,  except  the  one  who  com- 
pletes it. 

An  assist  should  be  given  to  each  player  who  handles 
the  ball  in  aiding  in  a  run-out  or  •  any  other  play  of  the 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 


kind,  even  though  he  complete  the  play  by  making  the 
put-out. 

And  generally  an  assist  should  be  given  to  each  player 
who  handles  or  assists  in  any  manner  in  handling  the 
ball  from  the  time  it  leaves  the  bat  until  it  reaches  the 
player  who  makes  the  put-out,  or  in  case  of  a  thrown 
ball,  to  each  player  who  throws  or  handles  it  cleanly, 
and  in  such  a  way  that  a  put-out  results,  or  would  re- 
sult if  no  error  were  made  by  a  team-mate. 

Assists  'should  be  credited  to  every  player  who  handles 
the  ball  in  the  play  which  results  in  a  base-runner  being 
called  "out"  for  interference  or  for  running  out  of  line. 

Errors. 

SEC.  8.  An  error  shall  be  given  in  the  sixth  column 
for  each  misplay  which  prolongs  the  time  at  bat  of  the 
batsman  or  allows  a  base-runner  to  make  one  or  more 
bases  when  perfect  play  would  have  insured  his  being 
put  out.  But  a  base  on  balls,  a  base  awarded  to  a  bats- 
man by  being  struck  by  a  pitched  ball,  a  balk,  a  passed 
ball,  or  wild  pitch,  shall  not  be  included  in  the  sixth 
column. 

An  error  shall  not  be  charged  against  the  catcher 
for  a  wild  throw  in  an  attempt  to  prevent  a  stolen  base, 
unless  the  base  runner  advance  an  extra  base  because 
of  the  error. 

An  error  shall  not  be  scored  against  the  catcher  or  an 
infielder  who  attempts  to  complete  a  double  play,  unles's 
the  throw  be  so  wild  that  an  additional  base  be  gained. 

In  case  a  base-runner  advance  a  base  through  the 
failure  of  a  baseman  to  stop  or  try  to  stop  a  ball  accu- 
rately thrown  to  his  base,  the  latter  shall  be  charged 
with  an  error  and  not  the  player  who  made  such  throw, 
provided  there  was  occasion  for  it.  If  such  throw  be 
made  to  second  base  the  scorer  shall  determine  whether 
the  second  baseman  or  shortstop  shall  be  charged  with 
an  error. 

In  event  of  a  fielder  dropping  a  fly,  but  recovering 
the  ball  in  time  to  force  a  batter  at  another  base,  he 
shall  be  exempted  from  an  error,  the  play  being  scored 
as  a  "force-out." 

Stolen  Bases. 

SEC.  g.  A  stolen  'base  shall  be  credited  to  the  base- 
runner  whenever  he  advances  a  base  unaided  by  a  base 


98  SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL 

hit,  a  put-out,  a  fielding  or  a  battery  error,  subject  to 
.  the  following  exceptions  : 

In  event  of  a  double  steal  or  triple  being  attempted, 
where  either  runner  is  thrown  out,  the  other  or  others 
shall  not  be  credited  with  a  stolen  base. 

In  event  of  a  base-runner  being  touched  out  after 
sliding  over  a  base,  he  -shall  not  be  regarded  as  having 
stolen  the  base  in  question. 

In  event  of  a  base-runner  making  his  start  to  steal  a 
base  prior  to  a  battery  error,  he  shall  be  credited  with  a 
stolen  base. 

In  event  of  a  palpable  muff  of  a  ball  thrown  by  the 
catcher,  when  the  base-runner  is  clearly  blocked,  the 
infielder  making  the  muff  -shall  be  charged  with  an  error 
and  the  base-runner  shall  -not  be  credited  with  a  stolen 
base. 

SEC.  10.  A  wild  pitch  is  a  legally  delivered  ball,  so 
high,  low  or  wide  of  the  plate  that  the  catcher  cannot 
or  does  not  stop  and  control  it  with  ordinary  effort,  and 
as  a  result  the  batsman,  who  becomes  a  base-runner 
or  such  pitched  ball,  reaches  first  base,  or  a  base-runner 
advances. 

A  passed  ball  is  a  legally  delivered  ball  that  the 
catcher  should  hold  or  control  with  ordinary  effort,  but 
his  failure  to  do  so  enables  the  batsman,  who  becomes 
a  base-runner  on  such  pitched  ball,  to  reach  first  base, 
or  a  base-runner  to  advance. 

Rule  86. 

The  Summary  shall  contain: 

SECTION  i.  The  score  made  in  each  inning  of  the 
game  and  the  total  runs  of  each  side  in  the  game. 

SEC.  2.  The  number  of  stolen  bases,  if  any,  by  each 
player. 

SEC.  3.  The  number  of  sacrifice  hits,  if  any,  made  by 
each  player. 

SEC.  4.  The  number  of  sacrifice  flies,  if  any,  made  by 
each  player. 

SEC.  5.  The  number  of  two-base  hits,  if  any,  made  by 
each  player. 

SEC.  6.  The  number  of  three-base  hits,  if  any,  made 
by  each  player. 

SEC.  7.  The  number  of  home  runs,  if  any,  made  by 
each  player. 

SEC.  8.     The  number  of  double  and  triple  plays,  if  any, 


SCIENCE      OF      BASEBALL  99 

made  by  each  side  and  the  names  of  the  players  par- 
ticipating in  the  same. 

SEC.  9.  The  number  of  innings  each  pitcher  pitched 
in. 

SEC.  10.  The  number  of  base  hits,  if  any,  made  off 
each  pitcher  and  the  number  legal  at-bats  scored  against 
each  pitcher. 

SEC.  ii.  The  number  of  times,  if  any,  the  pitcher 
•strikes  out  the  opposing  batsmen. 

SEC.  12.  The  number  of  times,  if  any,  the  pitcher 
gives  bases  on  balls. 

SEC.  13.  The  number  of  wild  pitches,  if  any,  charged 
to  the  pitcher. 

SEC.  14.  The  number  of  times,  if  any,  the  pitcher 
hits  a  batsman  with  a  pitched  ball,  the  name  or  names 
of  the  batsman  or  batsmen  so  hit  to  be  given. 

SEC.  15.    The  number  of  passed  balls  by  each  catcher. 

SEC.  16.     The  time  of  the  game. 

SEC.  17.     The  name  of  the  umpire  or  umpires. 


RULES  FOR 
POST-SEASON  CHAMPIONSHIP  GAMES. 


SEC.  i.  The  pennant-winning  club  of  the  National 
League  and  the  pennant-winning  club  of  the  American 
League  shall  meet  annually  in  a  series  of  games  for  the 
professional  baseball  championship  of  the  world. 

SEC.  2.  The  emblem  of  the  professional  baseball 
championship  of  the  world  shall  be  a  silver  cup  of  suit- 
able size  and  appropriate  design,  jointly  contributed  by 
the  two  leagues. 

SEC.  3.  The  games  shall  be  played  under  the  super- 
vision, control  and  direction  of  the  National  Commis- 
sion. 

SEC.  4.  The  event  shall  take  place  at  the  end  of  the 
championship  season  of  each  year.  Seven  games  shall 
constitute  a  complete  series. 

SEC.  5.  The  games  shall  be  conducted  according  to 
the  playing  rules  as  provided  for  by  the  National 
Agreement. 

SEC.  6.  The  National  Commission  shall  promulgate 
schedule  for  the  event.  Three  games  shall  be  scheduled 
in  each  of  the  cities  of  the  contesting  clubs,  unless  the 
commission  should  otherwise  decide.  In  case  it  be- 
comes necessary  to  play  the  seventh  game  to  decide  the 
event,  the  commission  shall  determine  the  city  in  which 
the  game  is  to  be  played. 

SEC.  7.  The  clubs  entitled  to  contest  for  the  world's 
honor  shajl  be  represented  by  the  Presidents  of  their 
respective  leagues  and  clubs.  The  Secretary  of  the 
National  Commission  will  be  required  to  notify  all  of 
the  players  of  the  contesting  teams  that  they  will  be  held 
amenable  by  the  commission  to  all  rules  governing 
baseball  and  will  be  subject  to  discipline  regardless  of 
contracts. 

SEC.  8.  The  clubs  shall  continue  to  play  each  day 
according  to  the  authorized  schedule  until  one  of  them 


SCIENCr      OP     aA3EB«ll 


has  won  four  games,  when  the  contest  shall  end,  and 
the  club  winning  shall  be  entitled  to  hold  the  emblem 
of  the  world's  championship  during  the  ensuing  base- 
ball season. 

SEC.  9.  The  National  Commission  shall  reserve  to 
itself  the  right  to  terminate  the  series  at  any  time 
iliat  it  deems  the  interest  of  baseball  demands  it,  and 
to  declare  one  of  the  contesting  clubs  the  winner  of 
the  championship  regardless  of  previous  performances. 

SEC.  10.  Each  of  the  clubs  ^participating  in  the  event 
shall  guarantee  to  the  National  Commission  in  such 
manner  as  the  latter  may  prescribe,  that  they  will  faith- 
fully carry  out  all  of  the  provisions  of  these  rules  and 
regulations  and  such  others  as  the  commission  may 
hereafter  make  to  govern  the  games,  and  that  they 
will  not  exercise  an  arbitrary  right  or  privilege  of 
abandoning  the  series  until  it  has  been  completed  or 
the  championship  determined. 

SEC.  ii.  There  shall  be  two  umpires  who  shall  be 
invested  with  the  authority  and  discretion  that  the  play- 
ing rules  confer,  and  they  shall  observe  the  same  gen- 
eral instructions  with  reference  to  maintaining  order 
and  discipline  upon  the  ball  field  during  these  con- 
tests that  govern  them  in  the  performance  of  their 
duties  in  all  other  games  in  their  respective  leagues. 

SEC.  12.  The  President  of  the  National  League  and 
the  President  of  the  American  League  shall  each  select 
one  umpire  from  their  respective  leagues,  and  the  um- 
pires so  chosen  shall  be  assigned  to  duty  and  be  sub- 
ject to  the  orders  of  the  Chairman  of  the  National 
Commission. 

SEC.  13.  The  compensation  of  the  umpires  shall  be 
fixed  by  the  National  Commission. 

SEC.  14.  The  expenses  of  the  National  Commission 
pertaining  to  these  games,  the  salaries  of  the  umpires, 
and  other  miscellaneous  and  contingent  expenses  in 
connection  therewith,  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  funds  to 
be  received  by  the  commission  from  these  games.  Should 
these  funds  prove  insufficient  to  this  purpose,  the  bal- 
ance shall  be  paid  out  of  the  regular  funds  of  the  com- 
mission, and  should  there  be  a  surplus  in  these  funds 
it  shall  be  credited  each  vear  to  the  regular  funds  of 
the  commission.  All  other  expenses  of  both  clubs. 


or    JASEBALL 


such  as  hotel  bills  and  traveling  expenses,  balls,  adver- 
tising, policing  of  grounds,  ticket  sellers  and  takers, 
incidentals,  etc.,  shall  be  paid  by  the  club  incurring 
the  same.  Should  any  difference  arise  at  any  time 
as  to  the  latter  expense,  the  same  shall  be  submitted 
to  the  commission  for  adjudication  and  its  rinding  shall 
be  conclusive. 

SEC.  15.  Each  contesting  club  shall  preserve  its  con-» 
stitutional  rights  during  games  played  upon  its  own 
grounds  with  reference  to  the  conduct  of  its  business 
affairs  in  connection  therewith,  but  the  visiting  club 
shall  also  be  allowed  its  inherent  rights  and  whatever 
representation  and  facilities  it  may  require  to  properly 
protect  the  interests  of  the  club  and  its  players. 

SEC.  16.  The  rates  of  admission  and  the  condi- 
tions governing  the  same  shall  be  fixed  by  and  be  under 
the  control  of  the  National  Commission. 

SEC.  17.  The  receipts  from  the  games  shall  be  di- 
vided as  follows : 

1.  Ten  per  cent,  of  the  gross  receipts  from  all  games 
shall  be  paid  to  the  National  Commission. 

2.  —  per   cent,   of   the  balance,    from   the   first   four 
games   shall   form   a   pool   for   the   players   of   the  two 
teams,  to  be  divided  75  per  cent,  to  the  winner  and  25 
per  cent,  to  the  loser  of  the  contest. 

3.  After   the    10   per   cent,    deductions    for   the   com- 
mission and  the  two  leagues   from  all  the  games  and 
that  which  forms  the  players'  pool  from  the  first  four 
games,  the  balance  of  the  gross  receipts  shall  be  divided 
equally  between  the  two  clubs. 

4.  The  amount  to  be  paid  into  the  players'  pool  as 
provided   by    this    section    shall    be    paid    to    the    com- 
mission,   and    the    same    shall    be    distributed    to    the 
players  through  the  Secretary  of  the  commission. 

SEC.  18.  In  the  event  that  the  schedule  for  a  world's 
championship  series  extends  beyond  the  player's  con- 
tract season,  then  the  salaries  of  the  players  who  prop- 
erly belong  to  the  pennant-winning  clubs  shall  con- 
tinue, at  the  contract  rate,  to  the  end  of  the  series  of 
games  scheduled,  although  only  four  or  more,  games 
be  played. 

SEC.  19.     The  free  list  shall  be  suspended  during  the 


SCIENCE      OP     BASEBALL  103 

contest  except  to  representatives  of  the  press  and  club 
officials  of  the  two  leagues. 

SEC.  20.  The  winning  team  shall  receive  a  pennant 
and  the  individual  players  suitable  trophies  emblematic 
of  the  championship. 

SEC.  21.  All  questions  arising  out  of  the  playing  for 
the  world's  championship  not  provided  for  herein  nor 
covered  by  the  playing  rules  shall  be  dealt  with  and 
decided  by  the  National  Commission. 

SEC.  22.  All  clubs  of  both  leagues,  whether  holding 
the  cup  or  challenging  for  it,  hereby  agree  absolutely 
to  conform  strictly  to  all  the  articles  of  these  rules,  and 
in  any  cases  not  herein  provided  for,  to  conform  to 
the  decisions  of  the  National  Commission. 

SEC.  23.  These  same  rules  may  apply  to  all  other 
games  played  between  National  and  American  League 
clubs  upon  application  being  made  to  the  National  Com- 
mission, except  as  to  the  division  of  the  receipts  ex- 
clusive of  the  amount  to  be  paid  to  the  National  Com- 
mission and  the  two  leagues,  which  shall  be  mutually 
agreed  upon  between  the  clubs  participating  in  such 
games,  provided,  all  players  shall  be  paid  at  their  con- 
tract prices  for  all  games  of  this  character  that  they 
are  obliged  to  play  after  the  expiration  of  their  con- 
tracts. 

SEC.  24.  After  the  adoption  of  this  agreement  by 
the  National  and  American  Leagues  copies  of  the  same 
shall  be  prepared  by  the  respective  leagues  and  sent  to 
the  President  of  each  club,  who  shall,  on  or  before  the 
loth  of  March  of  each  year,  mail  a  copy  to  each  player 
of  his  club. 


104  SCIENCE:  OF  BASEBALL 

WORLD'S  CHAMPIONSHIP  SERIES 

FOR  1912 

New  York  Nationals  vs.  Boston  Americans. 

First  Game — At  New  York,  Oct.  8.  Boston  4,  New  York  3 
Batteries — Wood  and  Cady  for  Boston;  Tesreau  Crandall  and 
Myers  for  New  York. 

Second  Game — At  Boston,  Oct.  9.  Tie  game,  6  to  6  (eleven 
innings).  Batteries — Collins,  Hall,  Bedient  and  Carrigan  for 
Boston;  Mathewson  and  Wilson  for  New  York. 

Third  Game — At  Boston,  Oct.  10.  New  York  2,  Boston  1. 
Batteries — Marquard  and  Myers  for  New  York;  O'Brien,  Bedient 
and  Carrigan  for  Boston. 

Fourth  Game — At  New  York,  Oct.  11.  Boston  3,  New  York  1. 
Batteries — Wood  and  Cady  for  Boston;  Tesreau.  Ames  and  Myers 
for  New  York. 

Fifth  Game— At  New  York,  Oct.  12.  Boston  2,  New  York  1. 
Batteries — Bedient  and  Cady  for  Boston-  Mathewson  and  Myers 
for  New  York. 

Sixth  Game— »A't  New  York,  Oct.  14.  New  York  5,  Boston  2. 
Batteries— Marquard  and  Myers  for  New  York;  O'Brien,  Collins 
and  Cady  for  Boston. 

Seventh  Game — At  Boston,  Oct.  15.  New  York  11,  Boston  4. 
Batteries— Tesreau  and  Wilson  for  New  York;  Wood,  Hall  and 
Cady  for  Boston. 

Eighth  Game — At  Boston,  Oct.  16.  Boston  3.  New  York  2. 
Batteries— Bedient.  Wood  and  Cady  for  Boston;  Mathewson  and 
Myers  for  New  York. 

ATTENDANCE     AND     RECEIPTS. 

Attendance.  Receipts. 

New   York,    first  game 35,730  $75,127.00 

Boston,    second   game 30,148  58,369.00 

Boston,     third    game 34,624  63,142.00 

New    York,    fourth    game 36,502  76,644.00 

Boston,    fifth    game 34,683  63,201.00 

New   York,    sixth  game 30,622  66.654.00 

Boston,    seventh    game 32.694  57,196.00 

Boston,     eighth     game 17,034  30,500.00 


Total     252,037  $490,833.00 

PREVIOUS    SERIES    FOR    THE    WORLD'S    CHAMPIONSHIP. 

1884    Providence 

1885    Chicago 

1886    Chicago 

1887    Detroit 

1888   New  York 

1889   New  York 

1890    Brooklyn 

1903     Boston 

1905    New  York 

1906    Chicago  Americans 

1907 Chicago 

1908 Chicago 

1909    Pittsburg 

1910     Athletics 

1911 Athletics 

1912 Boston   Americans 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL  105 

NATIONAL  LEAGUE 

STANDING    OF  CLUBS'   AT    CLOSE  OF    SEASON. 

Club.               N.Y.  Pitts.  Chi.  Cm.  Phil.St.L.Bklyn.Bos.  Won.  PC. 

New    York 12  9  1C       17       15  16       18  103  .682 

Pittsburgh      ...     8  ..  13  11       14       15  14       18         93  .616 

Chicago     13  8  ..  11       1O       15  17       17         91  .607 

Cincinnati     ...       6  11  10  ..         8       13  16       11         75  .490 

Philadelphia    . .     5"  8  10  14       . .       11  13       12         73  .480 

St.    Louis    7  7  7  9       11       ..  10       12         63  .412 

Brooklyn     6  8  5  6         9       11  ..       13         58  .379 

Boston    3  4  5  11       10       10  9       . .         52  ,340 

Lost 48       58       59       78       79       90       95     101 

The  Chicago- Pittsburgh  game  at  Chicago,  October  2,  was  pro- 
tested by  the  Pittsburgh  club  and  thrown  out  of  the  records,  tak- 
ing a  victory  from  the  Chicago  club  and  a  defeat  from  the  Pitts- 
burgh club. 

CHAMPIONSHIP    WINNERS    IN    PREVIOUS    YEARS. 

1871— Athletics      759 

1872— Boston v 830 

1873 — Boston     .  • 729 

1874— Boston     717 

1875 — Boston 899 

1876— Chicago 788 

1877 — Boston     646 

1878 — Boston     683 

1879— Providence      702 

1880— Chicago     798 

1881 — Chicago      .667 

1882— Chicago     655 

1883— Boston 643 

1884 — Providence      750 

1885— Chicago     770 

1886— Chicago      726 

1887— Detroit      637 

1888— New    York     641 

1889— New    York     659 

1890— Brooklyn      667 

1891 — Boston     630 

1892— Boston     680 

1893— Boston 667 

1894 — Baltimore     I 695 

1895— Baltimore 669 

1896 — Baltimore     698 

1897 — Boston     795 

1898 — Boston      685 

1899— Brooklyn 682 

1900— Brooklyn     . 603 

1901— Pittsburgh     647 

19O2— Pittsburgh      741 

1903— Pittsburgh 650 

1904— New    York     693 

1905— New    York     668 

1906 — Chicago     765 

1907— Chicago     704 

1908— Chicago 643 

1909— Pittsburgh 724 

1910— Chicago     675 

1911 — New    York    647 

1912— New  York   , 682 


106 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


CLUB    BATTING. 
Club.         G.       AB.      R.       H.        TB.       2B.     3B 
N    York      154     5067     823     1451     2002     231       88 
Pitteb'ghl  152     5252     751     1493     2090     222     129 
Chicago       152     5048     756     1398     1953     245       91 
Boston     .  .155     5361     693     1465     1933     227       68 
St.    Louis   153     5092     659     1366     1791     190       77 
Brooklyn.  .  153    5141     651     1377     1839     220       73 
Phila      ...152     5077     670     1354     1861     245       68 
Cincin  155     5115     656     1310     1732     183       91 

.  HB.   SH.   SB. 
48     152     319 
39     181     177 
42     182     164 
35     168     137 
27     166     193 
32     159     179 
42     179     159 
19     175     248 

PC. 

.286 
.284 
.277 
.273 
.268 
.268 
.267 
.256 

INDIVIDUA] 
Name  and  Club. 
Zimmerman,   Chicago   
Mej'ers     New    York 

L.  BA1 
G. 
145 
126 
153 
143 
48 
42 
143 
21 
65 
28 
145 
46 
103 
48 
110 
81 
77 
37 
145 
143 
50 
141 
129 
145 
86 
132 
123 
120 
150 
15 
42 
152 
145 
148 
29 
128 
16 
124 
81 
65 
46 
130 
122 
78 
52 
24 
128 
108 
130 

:TING  AVERAGES. 

AB.         R.           H. 

557           95         207 
371           60         133 
593           84         204 
478           73         163 
108             8           36 
39             4           13 
558           98         184 
67           10           22 
257           37           84 
46             5           15 
558           91         181 
121           25           39 
359           53         115 
132           20           42 
416           59         132 
252           26           80 
244           27           77 
57             9           18 
540         102         170 
538           81         169 
80             9           25 
502          99         155 
479           82         148 
559           81         172 
241           45           74 
464           79         142 
453           70         138 
431           82         131 
587         114         177 
53             4           16 
113           10           34 
583           80         175 
624         102         185 
558           73         164 
51           11           15 
458           60         133 
31             3             9 
436           59         126 
239           45           69 
121           17           35 
97           13           28 
528           99         152 
451            74         130 
163           48           47 
111             8           32 
59             6           17 
486           75         139 
332           38           95 
436           63         124 

SB. 
23 
8 
27 
16 
4 
1 
36 
3 
13 

26 

1 

8 
35 
3 
8 
5 
36 
25  . 

ii 

37 
29 
11 
30 
16 
35 
45 

*i 

16 
19 
23 
7 
16 

11 
10 
2 
2 
20 
11 
22 
1 
1 
22 
1 
15 

PC. 

.372 
.358 
.344 
.341 
.333 
.333 
.330 
.328 
.327 
.326 
.324 
.322 
.320 
.318 
.317 
.317 
.336 
.316 
.315 
.314 
.313 
.309 
.309 
.308 
.307 
.306 
.305 
.304 
.302 
.302 
.301 
.300 
.296 
.294 
.294 
.290 
.290 
.289 
.289 
.289 
.289 
.288 
.288 
.288 
.288 
.288 
.286 
.286 
.284 

Sweenev,    Boston       

Evers    Chicago                    •  •  • 

Bresnaban,    St.    Louis    .  .  . 
McCormick,   New   York    .  .  . 
Dovle     New  York    

Knisely,    Cincinnati    
Lobert     Philadelphia 

Wiltse,    New  York   

"  Wagner,   Pittsburgh    
Hendrix,    Pittsburgh    
Kirke     Boston                ...    . 

Kellv     Pittsburgh 

Marsans,    Cincinnati   
Kling     Boston 

Donlin     Pittsburgh        

Stengel,   Brooklyn    

Paskert,    Philadelphia    
Konetchy,    S't.    Louis    

Crandall,    New   York    
Titus,    Philadelphia-Boston 
Merkle     New  York 

Daubert,    Brooklyn    

W.    Miller,    Chicago  
S.    Magee,    Philadelphia    .  . 
Wheat     Brooklyn 

Huggins,    St.    Louis    
Carev    Pittsburgh 

Edington,    Pittsburgh    .  .  . 
Simon    Pittsburgh 

J.    Wilson,   Pittsburgh    .  .  . 
Campbell,    Boston    

Hoblitzell.    Cincinnati    .  .  . 
Burns    New  York 

Lee  Magee,    St.   Louis   .... 
M.    Brown,    Chicago    ...... 
Devlin    Boston                  .... 

Bates     Cincinnati        

A.  Wilson,   New  York    .  .  . 
Hvatt     Pittsburgh    

Bvrne     Pittsburgh 

Saier      Chicago     

Shafer     New  York 

Phelps     Brooklyn    

Graham,     Philadelphia     .  .  . 
J.    Smith,    Brooklyn    
Houser,    Boston    
Cravath,   Philadelphia    .... 

SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


107 


PITCHING    AVERAGES 

Name  and   Club. 

G. 

PO. 

A. 

E. 

PC. 

Robinson,    Pittsburgh    

33 

g 

40 

1000 

C.    Brown,    Boston     , 

....      31 

4 

42 

1000 

Willis,    St.    Louis    

...      31 

3 

26 

1000 

Wiltse,    New   York    

28 

5 

40 

1000 

Adams,     Pittsburgh     

,  .  .  .      28 

2 

36 

1000 

Rixev.    Philadelphia    

23 

4 

35 

1000 

C.    Smith,    Chicago    , 

.  .  .  .      21 

2 

29 

1000 

Rucker,    Brooklyn     

45 

5 

82 

1 

.989 

Mairquard,    New    York    ,  , 

34 

2 

58 

'l 

.984 

Brennan,     Philadelphia     , 

.  .  .  .      27 

7 

53 

1 

.984 

Ames,  New  York  

33 

6 

53 

1 

.983 

Leifield,     Pittsburgh-Chicago  

19 

10 

31 

1 

.976 

Steele,    St.    Louis    , 

41 

10 

66 

2 

.974 

Harmon,    St.    Louis    

.  .  .  .      43 

11 

87 

3 

.970 

Hendrix,    Pittsburgh     .  ,  , 

,  .  .  .      39 

7 

91 

3 

.970 

Benton,    Cincinnati    

.  .  .  .      50 

13 

78 

3 

.968 

Alexander,    Philadelphia    

.  .  .  .      46 

10 

75 

3 

.966 

Sallee,   St.    Louis    

.  .  .  .      48 

17 

61 

3 

.963 

O'Toole,    Pittsburgh    

37 

3 

75 

3 

.963 

Suggs.    Cincinnati    

.  .  .  .      42 

14 

82 

4 

.960 

Cheniey,   Chicago    , 

.  .  .  .      42 

4 

67 

3 

.959 

Reulbach.    Chicago     

39 

8 

60 

3 

.958 

Mathewson,    New   York    

43 

15 

74 

4 

.957 

Crandall,    New  York    

37 

4 

41 

2 

.957 

Curtis,    Philadelphia-Brooklyn    .  .  . 

.  .  .  .      29 

3 

37 

2 

.952 

Hess,    Boston    

33 

11 

47 

3 

.951 

Knetzer.    Brooklyn    

.  .  .  .      33 

4 

34 

2 

.950 

Tyler,     Boston     

.  .  .  .      42 

15 

75 

5 

.947 

Lavender,    Chicago    

42 

8 

64 

4 

.947 

Stack,     Brooklyn     

.  .  .  .      28 

2 

34 

2 

.947 

Ragan,    Brooklyn    

.  .  .  .      36 

11 

40 

3 

.944 

M.    Brown,    Chicago    

15 

1 

15 

1 

.941 

Camnitz,    Pittsburgh    

.  .  .  .      41 

4 

59 

4 

.940 

Kent,    Brooklyn     

....      20 

2 

29 

2 

.939 

Barger,     Brooklyn     

.  .  .  .      16 

2 

29 

2 

.939 

Allen,    Brooklyn    

20 

2 

28 

2 

.938 

Donnelly,    Boston    

37 

7 

51 

4 

.935 

Tesreau,    New    York    

36 

9 

63 

5 

.935 

Humphries,    Cincinnati     

.  .  .  .      30 

6 

33 

3 

.929 

Seaton,     Philadelphia    

.  .  .  .      44 

9 

55 

5 

.928 

Perdue,    Boston    

.  .  .  .      37 

6 

45 

4 

.927 

Moore,    Philadelphia    

.  .  .  .      31 

4 

34 

3 

.927 

Richie,    Chicago    

39 

2 

57 

5 

.922 

Geyer,    St.   Louis    

41 

7 

49 

5 

.918 

Dickson,     Boston     

.  .  .  .      36 

4 

63 

6 

.918 

Fromme,    Cincinnati    

.  .  .  .      43 

7 

76 

9 

.902 

Yingling,   Brooklyn    

...      25 

7 

36 

5 

.896 

Cole,     Chicago,  -Pittsburgh     

.  .  .  .      20 

1 

21 

3 

.880 

Dale.    St.    Louis    

19 

3 

10 

2 

.867 

Slmltz,     Philadelphia     

.  .  .  .      22 

4 

17 

4 

.840 

Keef  e,    Cincinnati  .  .  •  •  

17 

3 

18 

4 

.840 

Woodburn,   St.    Louis   

.  .  .  .      20 

2 

10 

5 

.7w; 

108  SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 

AMERICAN   LEAGUE 

STANDING    OF    CLUBS    AT    CLOSE    OF    SEASON. 


Club. 

Bos.  Wash. 

Phila. 

Chic. 

Clev.  Det 

.  St.L.N.Y 

.Won 

PC. 

Boston      

12 

15 

1C 

11 

15 

17 

19 

105 

.691 

Washington     .  . 

10 

7 

13 

18 

14 

14 

15 

91 

.599 

Philadelphia      . 

7 

13 

10 

14 

13 

1C 

17 

90 

.592 

Chicago     

6 

9 

12 

11 

14 

13 

13 

78 

.506 

Cleveland     

,      11 

4 

8 

11 

13 

15 

13 

75 

.490 

Detroit 

c 

8 

9 

8 

9 

13 

16 

09 

.451 

St.    Louis    

5 

8 

6 

9 

7 

9 

9 

53 

.344 

New    York    .  .  . 

2 

7 

5 

9 

8 

6 

13 

50 

.329 

Lost     47       61       62       7G       78       84     101     102 


CHAMPIONSHIP    WINNERS    IN    PREVIOUS    YEARS. 

1900— Chicago , 607 

1901— Chicago 610 

1902 — Athletics     610 

1903 — Boston     659 

1904 — Boston     •  • 617 

1905— Athletics      621 

1906 — Chicago     614 

1907— Detroit     613 

1908— Detroit     588 

1909 — Detroit     645 

1910—  A,thtetics      680 

1911^Athletics      669 

1912— Boston     691 


CLUB   BATTING  AVERAGES. 

Club.         G.  AB.  R.   H.  2B.  3B.  HR.  SH.  SB.  PC. 

Philadelphia  .  .153  5111  779  1442  203  108  22  201  259  .282 

Boston  154  50(59  794  1403  268  85  28  190  186  .277 

Cleveland  155  5148  676  1404  220  75  10  208  195  .273 

Detroit   154  5146  720  1374  192  87  18  151  275  .267 

New  York  ..  .153  5089  630  1321  170  78  18  152  245  .260 

Washington  .  .154  5070  698  1299  197  86  17  144  262  .256 

Chicago   158  5183  638  1319  176  79  17  211  212  .254 

S't.  Louis  157  5085  652  1262  165  70  19  139  176  .248 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


109 


INDIVIDUAL    BATTING 

AVERAGES. 

Name    and   Club. 

G. 

AB. 

R. 

H. 

SB. 

PC. 

Cobb,     Detroit     

140 

553 

119 

227 

61 

.410 

Jackson,     Cleveland    

152 

572 

121 

226 

35 

.395 

Speaker,  Boston  

153 

580 

136 

222 

52 

.383 

Borton,    Chicago    

31 

105 

15 

39 

1 

.371 

Lajoie,     Cleveland     

117 

448 

66 

165 

18 

:368 

Lelivelt,   New  York 

36 

149 

12 

54 

7 

.362 

Collins,     Philadelphia    

153 

543 

137 

189 

63 

.348 

Baker,     Philadelphia     

149 

577 

116 

200 

40 

.347 

Veach,    Detroit    

23 

79 

8 

27 

2 

.342 

Cree,    New    York    

50 

190 

25 

63 

12 

.332 

Mclnnes,     Philadelphia      .  . 

153 

568 

83 

186 

27 

.327 

Crawford,    Detroit    

149 

581 

81 

189 

41 

.325 

D.    Murphy,    Philadelphia 

36 

130 

27 

42 

8 

.323 

Hemriksen,     Boston     

37 

56 

20 

18 

.321 

Williams,     Washington     .  . 

56 

157 

14 

50 

'2 

.318 

E.     Murphy,     Philadelphia. 

33 

142 

24 

45 

7 

.317 

Gardner,     Boston     

143 

517 

88 

163 

25 

.315 

Chapman,     Cleveland     .... 

31 

109 

29 

34 

10 

.312 

Easterly,    Chicago     " 

93 

241 

22 

75 

4 

.311 

Laporte,    Washington    .  .  . 

119 

402 

45 

125 

10 

.311 

Brief,    St.    Louis  

15 

42 

9 

13 

2 

.310 

Turner,    Cleveland    

103 

370 

54 

114 

19 

.308 

Krug,     Boston     

15 

39 

6 

12 

2 

.308 

Milan.    Washington     

154 

601 

105 

184 

88 

.306 

Gandil,    Washington    

117 

443 

59 

135 

21 

.305 

Griggs,    Cleveland     

89 

273 

29 

83 

10 

.304 

Pratt,  St.   Louis    

151 

570 

76 

172 

24 

.302 

Stahl,    Boston     

95 

326 

40 

98 

13 

.301 

Oldring,     Philadelphia     .  .  . 

98 

395 

61 

'    119 

17 

.301 

Wolverton,    New    York     .  . 

33 

50 

6 

15 

1 

.300 

McConnell,    New   York    .  .  . 

42 

91 

11 

27 

.297 

Bodie,     Chicago     

137 

472 

58 

139 

i2 

.294 

Jones,    Detroit    

97 

316 

54 

93 

16 

.294 

Lapp,    Philadelphia    

90 

281 

26 

82 

3 

.292 

Williams,    St.    Louis 

64 

216 

32 

63 

18 

.290 

Shotten,    St.    Louis    

154 

580 

87 

168 

35 

.290 

Collins,     Chicago     

153 

579 

75 

168 

26 

.290 

Wood,    Boston     

43 

124 

17 

36 

.290 

Strunk,     Philadelphia     .  .  . 

120 

412 

58 

119 

29 

.289 

Paddock,    New    York    

46 

157 

26 

45 

9 

.287 

Ford,    New  York    

39 

112 

15 

32 

2 

.286 

Delehanty,    Detroit    

78 

266 

34 

76 

9 

.286 

Schalk,    Chicago    

23 

63 

7 

18 

2 

.286 

Foster,    Washington     

154 

618 

98 

176 

27 

.285 

Lewis,    Boston  

154 

581 

85 

165 

9 

.284 

Gardiner,    New   York   

43 

160 

14 

45 

11 

.281 

Compton,    St.    Louis    .... 

100 

268 

26 

75 

11 

.280 

Johnson,     Cleveland  

43 

164 

22 

46 

8 

.280 

Mullen,    Detroit     

37 

90 

13 

25 

.278 

Moeller,    Washington     

132 

519 

90 

143 

30 

.276 

Dubuc,     Detroit     

36 

105 

16 

29 

.276 

Carisch,     Cleveland     

24 

69 

4 

19 

*3 

.275 

Chase,   New  York   

131 

522 

61 

143 

33 

.274 

Daniels,     New    York    .... 

133 

496 

72 

136 

37 

.274 

Wagner,     Boston     
C.    Walker,    Washington 

144 
36 

504 
110 

75 
22 

138 
30 

21 
11 

.274 
.273 

Hartzell,    New    York     .  .  . 

123 

416 

50 

113 

20 

.272 

Rath,    Chicago    .N 

157 

591 

104 

161 

30 

.272 

Callahan,     Chicago    

111 

408 

45 

111 

19 

.272 

Steen,    Cleveland    

22 

48 

5 

13 

4 

.271 

110 


SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


INDIVIDUAL  BATTING  AVERAGES—  Continued. 

Ryan,    Cleveland.  93 

328 

53 

69 

12 

.271 

Sweeney,   New   York    110 

351 

37 

94 

6 

.268 

Plank,   Philadelphia    34 

90 

5 

24 

.267 

Lord,     Chicago     151 

570 

81 

152 

28 

.267 

AMERICAN    LEAGUE 

PITCHING    AVERAGES. 

Name  and   Club. 

G. 

PO. 

A. 

E. 

PC. 

Coombs,     Philadelphia     

54 

16 

66 

1000 

Plank,    Philadelphia    

34 

6 

68 

1000 

White,    Chicago    

28 

5 

46 

1000 

Baumgardner,    St.    Louis    

28 

4 

61 

i 

.985 

Cashion,     Washington     

33 

15 

40 

1 

.982 

Quinn,    New    York    

16 

4 

39 

1 

.977 

Wood,     Boston     

43 

41 

110 

4 

.974 

Bedient,    Boston    

34 

6 

67 

2 

.973 

Dubuc,    Detroit    

36 

12 

91 

3 

.972 

Kahler,     Cleveland     

32 

12 

46 

2 

.967 

Brown,     Philadelphia     

30 

10 

72 

3 

.965 

Johnson,    Washington    

53 

15 

93 

4 

.964 

Engle,    Washington    

15 

27 

1 

.964 

Collins,     Boston     

26 

3 

45 

2 

.960 

Hall,    Boston    

32 

9 

59 

3 

.958 

Baskette,    Cleveland    

19 

4 

19 

1 

.958 

Blanding,    Cleveland    

36 

9 

77 

4 

.956 

Bender,    Philadelphia    

26 

6 

36 

2 

.955 

Ford,    New    York    

34 

13 

88 

5 

.953 

Steen,    Cleveland    

22 

7 

34 

2 

.953 

Peters,     Chicago     

23 

6 

52 

3 

.951 

O'Brien,    Boston    

35 

10 

83 

5 

.949 

Willett,     Detroit     

37 

12 

113 

7 

.947 

E.    Brown,    St.    Louis  

21 

2 

31 

2 

.943 

Cicotte,     Chicago    

26 

10 

69 

5 

.940 

Lake,    Detroit    

33 

4 

73 

5 

.939 

Caldwell,   New  York   

39 

2 

59 

4 

.938 

Vaughn,    Washington    

22 

5 

53 

4 

.935 

Houck,     Philadelphia     

25 

7 

50 

4 

.934 

Hamilton,    St.    Louis    

36 

9 

57 

5 

.930 

Mullen,    Dertoit    

37 

8 

70 

6 

.929 

Gregg,     Cleveland     

33 

10 

61 

6 

.922 

Powell,    St.    Louis    

31 

3 

52 

5 

.917 

McConnell,    New    York     

42 

9 

75 

8 

.913 

Fisher,    New    York    

16 

3 

38 

4 

.911 

Walsh,    Chicago  

61 

22 

140 

15 

.910 

Allison,    St.    Louis    

27 

4 

46 

5 

.909 

Groome,    Washington    

42 

13 

77 

9 

.909 

Lange,   Chicago    

36 

6 

42 

5 

.906 

Warhop,    New   York    

37 

3 

64 

7 

.905 

Hughes,     Washington     

30 

6 

57 

7 

.900 

Works,     Detroit     

22 

2 

51 

6 

.898 

Benz.    Chicago     

38 

10 

77 

10 

.897 

Mitchell,    Cleveland    

22 

8 

30 

6 

.864 

SCIENCE   OF  BASEBALL  111 


PACIFIC  COAST  LEAGUE 


STANDING   OF   CLUBS   AT    CLOSE    OF    SBAJ 
Club.                                                                                   Won. 
Oakland    1  2o 

SON. 

Lost. 
83 
83 
93 
100 
115 
121 

P.C. 

.591 
.587 
.542 
.459 
.436 
.376 

Vernon     

118 

Los   Angeles    

no 

Portland      .... 

85 

S"an  Francisco  ... 

89 

Sacramento     

73 

CHAMPIONSHIP   WINNERS    IN    PREVIOUS    YEARS. 

1903 — Los   Angeles    630 

1904— Tacoma 589 

1Qft.    f  Tacoma    (1st   series)  *    583 

0    I  Los  Angeles  (2d  series)   6O4 

1906 — Portland      657 

1907— Los   Angeles 608 

1908 — Los  Angeles    585 

1909— San    Francisco    . . . ; 622 

1910 — Portland    567 

1911— Portland 589 

1912— Oakland     591 

*  In  play-off  Los  Angeles  won. 


INDIVIDUAL  BATTING  AVERAGES. 

Name      and    Club.                     G.  AB.  R.  H.  SB.  PC. 

Bryam,    Sacramento    16  30  4  12  . .  .400 

Mclntyre,   San   Francisco    ..      41  152  24  58  ..  .382 

D.    Howard,    San  Francisco        98  344  42  123  19  .358 

Fitzgerald,    Portland    ......      52  155  27  55  13  .355 

Cunningham,    Portland    11  36  7  13  . .  .361 

Heitmuller,   Los   Angeles 151  556  68  186  27  .335 

Daley,   Los   Angeles    174  639  90  212  54  ^332 

R.  Williams,  San  Francisco. .    15  25  2  8  ..  .320 

Bayless,    Vernon    199  716  118  228  44  .318 

Lindsay,    Portland    89  318  33  101  7  .318 

Nagle,    Los    Angeles    23  38  6  12  1  .316 

R.    Brashear,    Vernon    192  692  108  217  27  .314 

Van.  Buren,   Sacramento    . . .    127  383  48  120  15  .314 

Kane,    Vernon    169  616  124  191  66  .310 

Delmas,  Oakland    16  42  5  13  1  .310 

Doane,    Portland    146  505  65  156  47  .309 

Delhi,     San    Francisco     16  39  4  12  1  .308 

Pope,    Oakland    -...10  13  1  4  ..  .308 

Rodgers,   Portland 184  705  84  216  28  .306 

Zimmerman,     San    Francisco    69  255  25  78  11  .306 

Patterson,    Oakland    138  515  85  157  30  .305 

Hartley,    San   Francisco    . . .    119  422  38  129  18  .305 

Sharpe,     Oakland     101  357  29  107  4  .300 

Krueger,    Portland    162  586  73  175  28  .299 

Hetling,    Oakland    202  708  95  210  33  .297 

Coy,     Oakland     184  639  115  190  25  .297 

Butler,   Portland   52  192  23  57  10  ,297 


112  SCIENCE  OF  BASEBALL 


PITCHING 

AVERAGES. 

Name   and   Club. 

G. 

PO. 

A. 

E. 

PC. 

Munsell,     Sacramento    , 

19 

3 

44 

1000 

Pernoll,    Oakland    

19 

4 

39 

1000 

Gaddy,    Sacramento    

....    18 

14 

1000 

Leverenz,    Los    Angeles  

52 

13 

83 

1 

.990 

Christian,    Oakland    

48 

16 

63 

1 

.988 

Slagle,    Los   Angeles    

42 

17 

60 

1 

.987 

Schwenck,    Sacramento     

....    22 

6 

50 

1 

.983 

Parkin,    Oakland     

....    26 

9 

47 

1 

.982 

Baum,    Vernon    

....    37 

8 

81- 

2 

.978 

Klawitter,    Portland    

57 

21 

108 

3 

.977 

John    Williams,    Sacramento 

41 

9 

79 

2 

.977 

Abies,    Oakland    

....    45 

10 

73 

2 

.976 

Arellanos,    Sacramento    

43 

25 

101 

4 

.969 

Suter,    Portland    

....    21 

5 

26 

1 

.960 

Arlett,    San   Francisco    

11 

8 

22 

1 

.968 

Chech,    Los    Angeles    

50 

17 

97 

4 

.966 

Killilav,      Oakland  

....    20 

4 

44 

2 

.960 

Brackenridge,    Vernon     

34 

20 

76 

5 

.950 

Stewart,    Vernon    

....    39 

21 

47 

3 

.958 

Henley,    San    Francisco    

....    45 

16 

74 

4 

.957 

Hall<a,    Los    Angeles    

40 

14 

85 

5 

.952 

Malarkey,     Oakland     

40 

7 

52 

3 

.952 

Carson,    Vernon  

45 

9 

66 

4 

.949 

Raleigh,    Vernon    

....    35 

13 

76 

5 

.947 

Gray,    Vernon    

46 

9 

41 

3 

.943 

Hitt,     Vernon     

....    42 

19 

94 

7 

.942 

Gilligan,     Sacramento     

43 

13 

81 

6 

.940 

Fanning,    San    Francisco    

....    35 

15 

47 

4 

.939 

Harknoss,     Portland     

....    39 

18 

48 

4 

.938 

Higginbotham,    Portland    

42 

18 

69 

6 

.935 

Koestner,    Portland    

53 

18 

101 

9 

.930 

Fitzgerald,     Sacramento     

28 

7 

58 

5 

.929 

Castleton,    Vernon    

....    31 

8 

55 

5 

.926 

Delhi,    San   Francisco    

....    16 

12 

23 

3 

.921 

Tozer,    Los    Angeles    

....    40 

20 

72 

8 

.920 

Byram,    Sacramento    

16 

3 

29 

3 

.914 

Miller,    San   Francisco    

47 

14 

.    69 

8 

.913 

Gregory,    Oakland     

37 

17 

99 

10 

.913 

Flater,   Los  Angeles    

15 

1 

20 

2 

.913 

Perritt,    Los    Angeles    

11 

4 

27 

3 

.912 

Vernon,    Los   Angeles    

....    10 

10 

1 

.909 

Nagle,    Los  Angeles    

....    23 

5 

34 

4 

.907 

McCorry,   San  Francisco     

45 

6 

58 

7 

.901 

Baker,    San   Francisco    

40 

12 

58 

8 

.897 

Toner,    San    Francisco    

....    27 

5 

38 

5 

.896 

Bonner,    San    Francisco    

10 

1 

14 

2 

.882 

Olmstead,    Oakland    

10 

7 

1 

.875 

Durbin,    Oakland     

15 

2 

18 

3 

.870 

Gregg,     Portland     

30 

5 

31 

6 

.857 

Pope,    Oakland    

....    10 

1 

11 

2 

.857 

Temple,    Portland  -Vernon    

....    19 

4 

14 

5 

.782 

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IT'S    AL.L,    FIGURED    OUT    FOR    YOU 


Blocking  and  Hitting 


By    GEORGE    McFADDEN 


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DO    YOU    WANT    A    46-INCH     CHEST 


UNITED  STATES 
NAVY  DRILL 

By   TOM    SHARKEY 

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INTRODUCING  THE  CLEVEREST  OF  ALL 


Scientific  Boxing 

By   JAMES    J.    CORBETT 

With   Fifty   Illustrations   and 
Photographs 

The  wonderful  boxer  who  beat 
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HERE'S    AN    INTERESTING    EXERCISE 


Scientific 

Bag  Punching 

By    HARRY    SEEBACK 


The  champion  of  all  bag 
punchers,  holder  of  the  Police 
Gazette  Medal  and  challenger 
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IT   IS    KEPT   UP    TO    DATE    ALWAYS 

The 

Life  and  Battles 

of  Jack  Johnson 

The  latest  edition  is  now  out 
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are  remarkably  interesting. 

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HAVE    THE   FIGURE   OF  A   SOLDIER 


Army  Exercises 

By    FRANK    IDONE 

Formerly    of    the    Tenth.    Field 
Battery 

An  unusually  intelligent  artil- 
leryman has  put  on  paper  the 
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in  the  United  States  Army  and 
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he  has  posed  for  the  illustrations 
so  that  every  position  is  shown 
by  a  plate. 

RICHARD  K.  FOX 
PUBLISHING  CO. 

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EVERY    MAID    CAN    BE    A    VENUS 


FOR 
WOMEN 


Physical  Culture 

By  BELLE    GORDON 

Police     Gazette    Champion    Bag- 

Puncher 

Artists  have  raved  over  Miss 
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YOU    WANT     TO     PLAY     TO     WIN,     OF     COURSE 

POKER,   How  to  Win 

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WHEN    YOU    DO     HIT,     HIT    HARD 


The     Recognized     Authority     oil 

AND  HOW 

TO  TRAIN 

This  tells  it  all,  beginning-  with 
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it  is  good. 

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AVHY    NOT    BE    A    PERFECT    31  AN? 


PHYSICAL  CULTURE 

by    means    of 

Muscular  Resistance  and 
Breathing  Exercises 

By    PROP.    EDWARD   ITTMANN 

Profusely  illustrated  with  plates 
made  from  photographic  poses  by 
the  famous  author  who  shows  what 
can  be  done  without  paraphernalia. 

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YOU    CAN    LEARN    TO    BE    A    \VRESTLER 


WRESTLING 


By  Illustrated 

FRANK  with  photo- 
GOTCH  graphs  posed 
The  for  by  the 

Champion  of  author,  Hack- 
the  world  enschmidt  and 
many  other  celebrites 
of  the  mat.  All  of  the 
difficult  holds  shown  by 
pictures,  making1  it  easy 
for  the  pupil  to  learn 
how. 

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HERE  IS  THE  ROAD  TO  HEALTH 


PROF.  ATTILLA'S 

Five  Pound 
Dumb-bell  Exercise 

The  teacher  of  Sandow,  the 
world's  greatest  athlete,  ex- 
plains his  system  in  plain  lan- 
guage and  illustrates  his  les- 
son with  photographs  posed 
for  by  his  pupils.  Thirty 
lessons,  with  thirty  half-tone 
plates. 

Sent  for     7     2-cent  stamps. 

RICHARD  K.  FOX 
PI'lfiMKf I  IXti   CO. 

Franklin  Sq.,  X.  Y.  City 


IS    A    MINE    OF   KIVOWI-EDGK 


The  Official 

Book  of  Rules 

for 

All  Sports 

This  tells  it  all,  settles  all 
doubts,  prevents  heated  argu- 
ments and  shows  you  how  to  do 
the  right  thing  at  the  right  time. 
Rules  for  everything  from  the 
shot-put  to  rat  killing.  No  one 
should  be  without  a  copy. 

Sent    for    seven    2-cent    stamps. 

KIC  Jl  A  IU»  K.  FOX 

PUBLISHING  CO. 

Franklin,  Sa-«  N.  Y.  City 


TRULY  A  GREAT  MAN  ON  THE  MAT 


SCIENTIFIC 
WRESTLING 

By 
GEO.     BOTHNER 

For  many  years 
the  holder  and  de- 
fender of  the 
lightweight  cham- 
pionship and  the 
Police  Gazette 
belt.  He  has  put 
brains  into  this 
book  as  well  as 
lessons  and  pic- 
tures and  the  re- 
sult is  all  that 
there  is  to  be  told 
about  the  game. 

Sent    for    four- 
teen  2-ct.   stamps. 

RICHARD  K.  FOX 
PUBLISHING  CO. 

Franklin  SQ.,  N.  Y.  City 


WHEN    IN    DOUBT,    TURN    TO    THE    BOOK 


Fox's 

Barber's  Book  of  Recipes 

Good  for  the  barber  who  wants  to  make  his 
own  Cosmetics,  Hair  Tonics,  Perfumes,  Etc., 
because  he  wants  them  pure  and  unadulterated. 
A  fine  trade  demands  fine  gnods  and  the  wise 
barber  knows  it.  That  is  the  reason  this  book 
is  now  in  its  tenth  edition  and  is  still  selling1. 
You  can  be  a  manufacturer,  if  you  like  and 
have  the  necessary  energy,  and  sell  the  goods 
to  other  barbers  who  prefer  to  take  it  easy 
and  let  the  other  fellow  make  the  most  money. 

Sent   on   receipt   of  fourteen   2-cent   stamps. 


RICHAR1>  K.  FOX 


CO.,  ST.  Y.  CITY 


YOU   CANNOT   KNOW   TOO    MUCH 


BRIDGE  and  WHIST 

The  most  popular  game  in  America  and  England  to-day 


It  has  been  the  rage  on  two  continents  be- 
cause it  is  a  great  game.  The  clever,  scien- 
tific player  will  win  nine  games  out  of  ten; 
the  others  will  be  consistent  losers.  To  deliver 
the  goods  a  book  like  this  is  necessary.  It  is 
all  so  plain  and  simple  that  you  will  not  have 
to  sit  up  all  night  to  study  it.  If  you  are 
going  to  play  cards  at  all  play  them  close  up 
and  to  win.  To  do  that  get  the  book. 

Send  for  six  2-cent  stamps. 

RICHARD  K..  FOX  PUBLISHING  CO.,  N.  Y.  CITY 


University  of  California  Library 


/9853 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


£'& 


